C A S- 
CASTIGLIO'NF,, a town of Italy, in the duchy of 
Mantua : nine miles weft of Mantua. 
CASTIGLIO'NE di GAT'TI, a town of Italy, in the 
Bolowp.efe : twenty milesfouth of Bologna. 
CASTIGLIO'NE dei.la STI'VER A, a town of Ita¬ 
ly, and principality, in the duchy of Mantua, defended by 
fome fortifications and a citadel : it contains about 3000 
inhabitants. This place was taken by the allies in the 
year 1701, and in 1706 the Imperialifts were defeated here 
by the French. In the beginningof Auguft, 1796, abattle 
was fought near this town, between the Auflrians and 
French, in which the latter took 6000 prifoners : twenty 
miles north-weft of Mantua. 
CASTIGLIO'Ni (Balthazar), an eminent Italian no¬ 
bleman, defeendedfrom an illuftrious and ancient family, 
and born at Cafalico in the duchy of Milan, in 1478. He 
ftudied painting, fculpture, and architecture, as appears 
from a book he wrote in favour of thefe arts ; and excel¬ 
led fo much in them, that Raphael Urbino, and Buonaroti, 
though incomparable artills, never thought their works, 
complete without the approbation of count Call glioni. 
When he was twenty-fix years of age, Guido Ubalao, duke 
of Urbino, fent him ambatfador to pope Julius II. He was 
fent upon a fecond embally to Louis XII. of France, and 
upon a third to Henry VII. of England. After he had 
difpatched his bufmefs here, he returned, and began his 
celebrated work, intitled the Courtier; which he com¬ 
pleted at Rome in 1316. This work is full of moral and 
political inftru&ion : and if we feek for the Italian tongue 
in perfection, it is faid.to be no where better found than 
in this performance. A verfion of this work, together 
with the original Italian, was publiihed at London in 1727, 
by A. P. Caftiglioni, a gentleman of the fame family, who 
refided there under the patronage of Dr. Gibfon, bifhop 
of London. Count Caftiglioni was fent by Clement VII. 
to the court of the emperor Charles V. in quality of legate, 
and died at Toledo in 1529. 
CASTIGLUI'NI, a town of Italy, in the kingdom of 
Naples, and province of Principato Ultra : liihe mules eaft- 
north-eaft of Conza. 
CAS'TIL BI.AN'CO, a town of Spain, in the province 
of Andalufia : five leagues north of Seville. 
CASTI'I.E. Under this name are comprehended New 
Caftile and Old Caftile, provinces of Spain, and the king¬ 
dom of Caflile. The name of Caftile was unknown till 
after the irruptions of the Moors into Spain, and is faid to 
have been derived from fome caftles or fort redes built to 
ftop the ravages of the infidels. From being a govern¬ 
ment fubjeCt to Leon, it became an independent kingdom 
in the tenth century : in the year 1037, the two kingdoms 
were united in the perfon of Ferdinand I. of Leon, and II. 
of Caftile ; and in the year 1378, Aragon was united, after 
which time the kingdom of Caftile was loft in that of Spain. 
CASTI'LE (Old), a province of Spain, bounded on 
the north by Afturia, Bifcay, and Navarre, on the eaft by 
Aragon, on the fouth by New Caftile, and on the weft by 
Leon ; about fixty leagues in length ; the breadth is very 
unequal, the greateft about forty. The wine is much ex¬ 
tolled, and numerous herds of cattle are fed on the plains, 
as likevvile fheep, the wool, of which is of great value and 
finenefs. The principal rivers are the Ebro, Duero, Pi- 
fuerga, Arlanyon, and Arlanya. The principal towns are 
Avifa, Burgos, Calahorra, Segovia, Siguenya, and Val¬ 
ladolid. 
CASTI'LE (New), a province of Spain, bounded on 
the nortli by Old Caftile, on the eaft by Aragon and Va¬ 
lencia, on the fouth by Murcia, Jaen, and Cordova, and 
on the weft by Eftremadura and Leon; about 160 miles 
in length, and 130 in breadth. The foil is generally fer¬ 
tile, and the air good. The principal rivers are the Ta¬ 
gus, Guadjana, and Xucar, betides many ethers of 1 e I s’ 
note. It was called alto The Kingdom of Toledo, from the 
city of that name, formerly the capital; of late years, that 
honour has been transferred to Madrid. 
CASTILLAN', or Castiilane, a gold coin current. 
Vo l. III. No. 169. 
CAS 8S5 
in Spain, worth fourteen rials and fixteen deniers. Caf- 
ti 11 an is alfo a weight ufed in Spain for weighing gold ; it 
,is tiie hundredth part of a pound Spanifh weight. 
CASTILLEI'A, f. [fo named by Mutis, in memory 
of Ca/lillcius, a botanift of Cadiz ] In botany, a genus of 
the clafs didynamia, order angiofpermia, natural order per- 
fonatoe. The generic charaflers are—Calyx: one.leafed, 
tubular, longitudinally cloven in front beyond the middle,, 
nerved, pubefeent, coloured, fomewhat (welling at the 
bafe, comprefled at top; upper lip bifid, obtufe ; lower 
none. Corolla : monopetalous, ringent ; upper lip very 
long, curved inwards, emarginate, pubefeent on the back ; 
lower very fhort, trifid, with acute fegments ; nedtary two 
glandular corpufcles inferted into the throat of the corolla 
between the divilions of the upper lip. Stamina : fila¬ 
ments four, inferted into the bafe of the corolla, the length 
of the upper lip, filiform, fmooth ; the lower pair a little 
fhortcr ; anthcrae twin, linear, oblique. Piftilium : germ 
luperior, oblong, comprelfed ; ftyle filiform, the length 
of the ftamens; ftigma Ample, obtufe. Pericarpium : cap-' 
fule ovate, acuminate, comprefled, even, two-celled, the 
partition contrary to the valves. Seeds : numerous, fmall. 
— EJJ'ential CharaEler. Calyx : tubular, comprelfed ; upper 
lip bifid, lower none. Corolla : lower lip trifid, with two 
glands between the fegments. Capfules : two-celled. 
Species 1. Caftiileia fiflifolia : leaves pinnate-galhed at 
the tip. Native of New Granada ; where it was found 
by Mutis. 
2. Caftiileia integrifolia : leaves linear-lanceolate entire. 
The ftru 61 ure of the flower is the fame in this as in the 
other fpecies, but all the parts are a little fmaller. The 
fruit feems to be the fame in both. This alfo was difeo- 
vered in New Granada, by Mutis. 
CASTIL'LO DE SAN'CHO ABAR'CA, a town of 
Spain, in Navarre : five leagues from Tudella. 
CASTILLO'N, a town of France, in the department of 
the Gironde, and chief place of a canton, in the diftridt of 
Libourne : three leagues fouth-eaftof Libourne. 
CASTILLO'N, a town of France, in the department of 
the Arriege, and chief place of a canton, in the diftridt of 
St. Girons ; feven miles fouth-we ft of Girons, and twen¬ 
ty-five weft of Tarafcon. 
C ASTILLONE'Z, a town of France, in the department 
of the Lot and Garonne, and chief place of a canton, in 
the diftricl of Lauzun : five miles eaft of Lauzun. 
CASTI'NE, a town of United America, in Hancock 
county, diftridt of Maine, lituated on Penobfcot hay. It 
was taken from the town of Penobfcot, and incorporated 
in February, 1796. It is named after a French gentleman 
who refided there 1 30 years ago. Cafiine river, which is 
about fourteen miles long, is navigable for fix miles, and 
has feveral mills at the head of it. It empties into Pe¬ 
nobfcot bay. 
CAST'ING, f. in foundery, the runningof metal into 
a mould, prepared for that purpofe. For calling of me¬ 
tals, types, bells, cannon, &c. fee the article Founder y. 
Cafting in fand or earth, is the running of metals between 
two frames, or moulds, filled with land or earth, wherein 
the figure that the metal is to take has been imprefied en 
crcux, by means of the pattern.—Among fculpthrs, caft¬ 
ing implies the taking of calls and impreflions of figures-, 
bulls, medals, leaves, &c. The method of taking thefe 
calls is generally by the ufe of plalter of Paris, i.e. ala- 
bafter calcined by a gentle heat. The advantage of tiling 
tills fubffarce preferably to others is, that notwithftanding 
a flight calcination reduces it to a pulvetine ftate, it be¬ 
comes again a tenacious and cohering body, on being tnoift- 
ened with water, and afterwards fuftered to dry ; by which 
means either a concave or a convex figure may be given 
(by a proper mouldor model) to it when wet, and retained 
by the hardnefs it acquires when dry : and from thefe 
qualities, it is fitted for the double purpofe of making both 
calls, and moulds for forming thole calls. The particular 
manner of making calls depends on the form of the fub- 
jedt to be taken. Where there are no projecting parts, as 
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