CAS 
over the fubjefl from which the imprefiion is to be taken, 
and then rubbed with a broth, tire point of a fkewer, or a 
pin, till it lias perfedlly received the impreffion. The tin- 
foil fliould now be pared clofe to the edge of the metal, 
till it is brought to the fame circumference j the medal 
mu(t then be ieverfed, and the tin-foil will drop off into a 
chip-boy. or mould placed ready to receive it. Thus the 
concave lido of the foil will be uppermoft, and upon this, 
plafter of Paris, ptepared in the uftial manner, may be 
poured. When dry, the whole is to be taken out, and the 
tin-foil Iticking on the plafter, will give a perfect repre¬ 
sentation of the medal, refembling filver. If the box or 
mould be a little larger than the medal, the plafter running 
round the tin-foil will give the appearance of a white 
frame or circular border ; whence the new-made medal 
will appear more neat and beautiful.' 
Jmpreffions of medals, having the fame effeft as cafts, 
may be made al fo of illnglafs-glue, by the following means : 
Melt.the ifinglafs, beaten as when commonly ufed, in an 
earthen pipkin, with the addition of as much water as will 
cover it, ftirring it gently till the whole is dilfolved ; then 
with a bruftt of camel’s hair, cover the medal, which 
fhould be previoufty well cleanfed and warmed, and then 
laid herizontally on a board or table, oiled in the part 
around the ined.il. Let them reft afterwards till the glue 
be properly hardened ; and then, with a pin, raife the 
edge of it, and feparate it carefully from the medal: the 
caft will thus be formed by the glue as hard as horn ; and 
fo light, that a thoufand will fcarcely weigh an ounce. In 
order to render the relief of the medal more apparent, a 
final! quantity of carmine may be mixed with the melted 
ifinglals; or the medal may be previoufty coated with 
leaf-gold by breathing on it, and then laying it on the leaf, 
which will by that means adhere to it : but the ufe of 
leaf-gold is apt to impair the (harpnefs of tlie impreffion. 
Thefe imprellions may likewife be taken in putty ; but it 
fhould be the true kind, made of calx of tin and drying 
oil. Thefe may be formed in the moulds previoufty taken 
In plafter orfulphur; or moulds may be made of its own 
fubftance, in the manner directed for thofe of the plafter. 
Thefe inipreflions will be very (harp and hard ; but the 
greateft difudvantage that attends them, is their drying 
very (lowly, and being liable in the mean time to be da¬ 
maged. Imprellions of prints, or other engravings, may 
be taken from copper-plates, by rubbing vermillion or 
any other colouring matter into the ftrokes of the graver, 
then cleanfmg them thoroughly, andlaftly pouring plafler 
upon them. 
CAST'ING-NET, f. A fifhing-net, fo called becaufe 
it is to be c j ft or thrown out; which, when exactly done, 
nothing efcapes it, but every thing within its reach is 
brought away. 
CASTIO'NE, a town cf Italy, in the duchy of Milan : 
eight miles fouth-weft of Milan. 
CASTIO'NE, a town of Italy, in the Lodefan: nine 
miles foiith-eaft of Lodi. 
CAS'TLE,yi [cajiellum, Lat.] A fort refs or place ren¬ 
dered defencibie either by nature or art. It frequently 
fignlfies with us the principal manfion of a nobleman. In 
the time of Henry 11 . there were no lefs than 1115 caftles 
in England, each cf which contained a manor. Caftles, 
walled with (lone, and defigned for refidence as well as de¬ 
fence, are, according to Mr. Grofe, of no higher antiquity 
in England than the conq.ueft : for, although the Saxons, 
Romans, and even the ancient Britons, had caftles built 
with (tone, yet thefe were few in number, and, at that 
period, through neglect or invafions, °ither deftroyed, or 
fo much decayed, that little more than their ruins were 
remaining. This is averted by many.of our hiftorians 
and antiquaries, and afiiigned as a Juft reafon for the eafe 
and facility with which William made himfelf trader of 
this country. Such a circumftance could not be over¬ 
looked Dy fo good a general as the Conqueror; who, ef¬ 
fectually to guard againft invafions from without, as well 
as to awe his newly acquired fubjefts, immediately began 
CAS 8$7 
to ereCt caftles all over the kingdom, and likewife to re¬ 
pair and augment the old ones. Befides, as he had par¬ 
celled out the lands of the Englifli among his followers, 
they, to protect themfelves from the refentment of thofe 
fo defpifed, built ftrong holds or caftles on their eftates. 
This likewife caufed a conflderable increafe of thefe for- 
treffes ; and tile turbulent and unfettled (fate of the king¬ 
dom in the fucceeding reigns ferved to multiply them 
prodigioufly, ft nee every baron, or leader of a party, built 
himfelf a caftle. As the feudal fyftem advanced, thefe 
caftles became the heads of baronies. Each caftle was a 
manor; and its caftellain, owner, or governor, the lord of 
that manor. Markets and fairs were directed to be held 
there; not only to prevent frauds in the king’s duties or 
ctiftoms, but aifoasthey were efteemed places where the 
laws of the land were obferved, and as fuch, bad a very 
particular privilege. But this good order did not long 
laft; for the lords or barons began to arrogate to them¬ 
felves a royal power, not only within their caftles, but like¬ 
wife in the environs ; exercifing judicature, both civil and 
criminal, coining of money, and arbitrarily feizing forage 
and provifion, for the fubftftence of their garrifons, which 
they afterwards demanded as a right. At length their in- 
folence and oppreftion grew to fuch a pitch, that, accord¬ 
ing to William of Newbury, there were in England as 
many kings as lords of caftlesand Matthew Paris ftyles 
them very dens of thieves. 
The lord of each caftle had ufually a party of feven or 
eight hundred vaftals, who, obedient to his nod, made pre¬ 
datory excurfions beyond the limits of their ordinary ju- 
rildiCtion, which frequently ended in a battle with the 
lord of fome petty ftate of a fimilar kind, and whofe caf¬ 
tle, if he was overcome, was then pillaged, and the wo¬ 
men and treafures borne off by the conquerors. During 
this ftate of univerfal hoftility, there was no friendly com¬ 
munications between the provinces, nor any high roads.- 
from one part of the kingdom to another: the wealthy 
traders, who then travelled on packhorfes from place to 
place with their merchandile and tlyeir families, were in 
perpetual danger : the ford of almoft every caftle extorted 
iomething from them on the road; and at laft, fome one 
more rapacious than the reft feized upon the whole of 
the cargo, and bore off the women for his own ufe. Thus 
caftles became the warehoufes of nil kinds of rich mer¬ 
chandife, and the pinions of the d litre lied females whole- 
fathers or lovers had been plundered or liain, and who,, 
being feldom difpofed to take the thief or murderer into 
favour, were too often treated with violence and force. 
This licentioufnefs becoming intolerable, it was agreed in 
the treaty between king Stephen and Henry II. when only 
duke of Normandy, that all the caftles built within a cer¬ 
tain period ftibuld be demolifhed: in confequence of 
which many, were actually razed, but not the number fti- 
pulated. Their principal deftruCtion was by Oliver Crom¬ 
well in the civil wars, who confidered thefe ftrong holds as 
very impolitic in a free country. Caftles which belonged' 
to the crown, were generally committed to thecuftody of 
fome trufty perfon, who feems to have been indifferently 
ftyled governor, or conftable. See Feodal System. 
And for the parts and coriftruction of caftles, lee Archi¬ 
tecture, vol. ii. p. 93. 
CASTLEBAR', a town of Ireland, the (hire town, and 
molt conflderable in the county of Mayo. It is populous, 
and carries on a conflderable linen trade: thirty- nine miles 
Iputh-weft of Sligo, and thirty-five north of Galway. Lat. 
53.30. N. Ion. 9. 8.W. Greenwich. 
CATTLE BAY, or Kisimul Bay, a bay at the fouth 
end of the iftand of Barray. 
CAS'TLE CA'REY, a fmall market-town in Somer- 
fetlhire: it is three miles from Wincanton, twelve from 
Wells, and 117 from London. It had once a caftle. The 
market is on Tuefday; fairs, Midlent Tuefday, Whif- 
Tuefday, and thefirft of May. Here is a mineral water,, 
of the fame kind-.as that at Epfom. 
CASTLECO'MER, a tov 11.of Ireland, in the countv 
if 
