5H CAT 
and the fummum bdnufn, and an account of the d offline and 
tenets of Epicurus'. 
CAT'KIN., f. \_hatteken, Dutch.] In botany, a fpec’es 
of calyx, hanging in manner of a rope or cat’s tail, where¬ 
on grow the bloffotns of the willow, poplar, and many 
other kinds of trees.' See Botany, p. 246,.and 252, of 
this volume. 
C AT'LENBURG, a town and bailiwie of Germany, in 
the circle of Lower Saxony, and principality of Gruben- 
liagen : fixteen miles fouth-foilth-eaft of Einbeck. 
CAT'LIKE, adj. Like a cat: 
A lionefs, with udders all drawn dry, 
Lay couching head on ground, with catlike watch. Shall. 
CAT'LING, f. A difmembering. kmfe, tifed by fur- 
geons. It feents to be ufed by Shakefpeare for catgut, 
the materials of fiddle-firings.—What mafic there will be 
in him after Hector has knocked out his brains, I know 
not. But I am fare none, unlefs the fiddler Apollo get 
liis finews to make catlings of. Shakefpeare. The down or 
mofs growing about walnut-trees, refembling the hair of a 
cat. 
CATMANDU', a town of Alia, in the country of Mo- 
caumpour: i^milesnorth of Patna,and 400eafrof Delhi. 
CA'TO, a furname of the Portian family, rendered il- 
luftnous by M. Porcius Cato, a celebrated Roman, after¬ 
ward.- called Cenforius, from his having exercifed the office 
of cenfor. He rofe to all the honours of the (late, and the 
firft battle he ever faw was againfl Hannibal, at the age of 
feventeen, where he behaved with uncommon valour. In 
his quseftorfhip, under Africanus, againfl Carthage, and in 
his expedition in Spain, againfl the Cehiberians, and in 
Greece, he difplayed equal proofs of his courage and pru¬ 
dence. He was remarkable for his love of temperance ; 
lie never drank but water, and was always fatisfied with 
whatever meats were laid upon his table by Ids fervants, 
whom lie never reproved with an angry word. During 
his cenforfhip, which he obtained, though he had.made 
many declarations of his future feverity if ever in office, 
he behaved with the greateftrigour and impartiality, (hew¬ 
ed himfelf an enemy to all luxury and diffipation, and even 
accufed his colleague of embezzling the public money. 
He is famous for the great oppofition which he made 
againfl the introduction of the finer arts of Greece into 
Italy; and his treatment of Carneades is well known. This 
prejudice arofe from an apprehenfion that the learning and 
luxury of Athens would deflroy the valour and fimpiicity 
of the Roman people; and he often obferved to his fon, that 
the Romans would certainly he ruined, whenever they be¬ 
gan to be infeCted with Greek. It appears, however, that 
he changed his opinion, and made himfelf remarkable for 
the knowledge of Greek which he acquired in his old age. 
He himfelf educated his fon, and inftruCled him in writing 
and grammar. He taught him dexteroufly to throw a ja¬ 
velin, and inured him to the labours of the field, and to 
bear cold and heat with the fame indifference, and to 
fwim acrofs the mod rapid rivers with cafe and bold- 
uefs. He was univerfally deemed fo ftriCt in his morals, 
that Virgil makes him one of the judges of hell. He 
repented only of three things during his life: To have 
gone by fea when he could go by land; to have palled 
a day inactive; and to have told a fecret to his wife. A 
xlatue was raired to his memory; and he diftinguifhed him- 
.fielf as much for his knowledge of agriculture as his poli¬ 
tical life. In Cicero’s age there were 150 orations of Iris, 
befides letters, and a celebrated work called Grigines, of 
which the firft book gave an hiftory of the Roman monar¬ 
chy; the fecond and third, an account of the neighbour¬ 
ing cities of Italy ; the fourth a detail of the firft, and the 
fifth of the fecond, Punic war ; anti in the others, the Ro¬ 
man hiftory was brought down to the war of the Liifita- 
nians, carried on by Ser. Galba. Some fragments of the 
Grigines remain, fuppofed by fome to be fuppofitious. 
Cato’s treatife, De re. rujlicd, was edited by Aufbn. Pomp- 
na, Svo. Ant.Plant. 1590; but the heft edition of Cato, &c. 
C " A T 
feems to be Gefiler’s, 2 vols. 4to. Leipf. 1735. Cato died irj 
an extreme’ old age, about 150 B. C- and Cicero, to (hew 
lTis refpeCt for him, has introduced him in his Treatife on 
Old Age, as the principal character. Plutarch andC.Ne- 
pos have"written an account of his life. 
CA'TO (Marcus), fit married Uticenlis, from hiS death 
at Utica, was great grandfon to the cenfor of the fame 
name. The early virtues that appeared in his childhood 
feemed to promife a great man ; and at t It cage of fourteen 
he ear.neftly afked his preceptor for a fword, to ftab the 
tyrant Sylla. He was auflere in his morals, and a ftriet 
follower of tire tenets of tire ftoics: he was carelefs of his 
drefs, often appeared barefooted in public, and never tra¬ 
velled but on foot. He was fuch a lover of difeipline, 
that, in whatever office he was employed,, he always re¬ 
formed its abufes, and reflored the ancient-regulations. 
When,he was fet over the troops, in. the capacity of a 
commander, his removal was univerfally lamented, and 
deemed almoft a public lofs by his affectionate foldiers. 
His fondnefs for candour was fo great, that the veracity 
of Cato became proverbial. In his vifits to his friends he,- 
wifhed to give as little moleflation as poffible ; and tlie 
importuning civilities of king Dejotarus fo difpleafed him 
when he was at his court, that lie haftenedto retire from 
him. He was very jealous of the fafety and liberty of the - 
republic, and watched carefully over the conduit of Pom-. 
pey, whofe power and influence were great. He often ex- 
p re fled his diflike to ferve the office of a tribune; but, 
when he faw a man of corrupted principles apply for 
it, he offered himfelf a candidate to oppofe him, and ob¬ 
tained the tribunefhip. In the confpiracy of Catiline, he 
fupported Cicero, and was tire chief caufe that the confpi- 
rators were capitally punifhed. When the provinces of 
Gaul-were Voted for five years to Caslar, Cato obferved to 
the fenators that they had introduced a tyrant into the Ca¬ 
pitol. He was fent to Cyprus, againfl Ptolemy, who had 
rebelled, by his enemies, who hoped that the difficulty of- 
the expedition would injure his reputation. But his pru¬ 
dence extricated hint from every danger. Ptolemy liib- 
mitted; and, after a litccefsful campaign, Cato was received - 
at Rome with the mod diliinguifhing honours, which he, 
however, modeftly declined. When the firfl triumvirate 
was formed between Casfar, Pompey, and Crafius, Cato op- 
pofed thenvwith all his might, and with independent fpirit 
foretold to the Roman people all the misfortunes which 
foon after followed. After repeated applications, he was 
made praetor; but he feemed rather to difgrace the dignity 
of that office by the meannefs of his drefs. He applied 
for theconfvilfhip, but could never obtain it. When Cae» 
far had paffed the Rubicon, Cato advifed the Roman fe. 
nate to deliver the care of the republic into the hands of 
Pompey; and, when his advice had been complied withy, 
he followed him with his fon to Dyrrachium, where, after 
a final! vidtory there, he was entrufted with the care of 
the ammunition, and of fifteen cohorts. After the battle 
of Pharfalia, Cato took the command of the Corcyrean 
fleet; and, when he heard of Pompey’s death, on the coafi 
of Africa, lie ti averfed the deferts of Lybia, to join himfelf 
to Scipio. He refufed to take the command of the army 
in Africa, a circumftance of which he afterwards repented. 
When Scipio had been defeated, partly for not paying re¬ 
gard to Cato’s advice, Cato fortified himfelf in Utica, but 
not with the intention of fupporting a fiege. When Cee- 
far approached near the city, Cato difdained to fly, and, 
rather than fall alive into the conqueror s hands, he ftabbed 
himfelf, after he had read Plato’s Treatife on the Immor¬ 
tality of the Soul, B. C. 46, in the 59th year of his age. 
He had firft married Attilia, a woman whofe licentious con¬ 
duct obliged him to divorce her. Afterwards he united 
himfelf to Martia, daughter of Philip. Hortenlius, h s 
friend, vviftied to raife children by Mdrtia, and therefore 
obtained her from Cato. After the death of Hortenfius, 
Cato took her again. This condpct was ridiculed by the 
Romans, who obferved that Martia had entered the houfe 
of Hortenfius very poor, but returned to the bed of Cato 
A 
