BOR 
B GRG ARU'TIUS (Profper), an eminent Italian phyfi- 
cian, of the fixteenth century, who publiflied an excellent 
tfeatife on anatomy. He not only communicated to the pub¬ 
lic the dilcoveries he had made by the dilfedtion of bodies, 
but ftudied medicine alfo, and printed fomething on that lub- 
jeft. He went to the court of France in i 567, and found at 
Paris the manufeript of the Chirurgia Magna of Vefalius. 
He bought it, and then, corredting and djgefting it into or¬ 
der. publiflied it at Venice in 1569. 
BORGE, a town in the ifland of Cephalonia: two miles 
fouth of Cephalonia. 
BOR'GENTRICK, or Borrenrik, a town of Ger¬ 
many, in the circle of Weftphalia, and bifliopric of Pader- 
born : five miles north-north-eaft of Warburg. 
BORGHET'TO, a town of Italy, in the Lodelan : feven 
miles and a half fouth of Lodi. 
BORGHET'TO, a town of Italy, in the Hate of Genoa: 
eight miles north-eaft of Albenga. 
BORGHET'TO, a place in the duchy of Mantua, on 
the right bank of the Mincio, oppofite Valeggio, where, in 
June, 1796, an obftinate battle was fought between the French 
revolutionary army and the Auftrians, in which the latter 
loft 1500 men, and 500 horfes; the French then palled the 
river, and took Valeggio. 
BORGHI'NI (Vincent), born at Florence in 1515, of 
a noble family, became a benedidtine monk in 1531. He 
was one of the perfons pitched upon for the correction of 
the Decameron of Boccace, by order of the council of Trent, 
and executed it in the edition of Florence, 1573, 8vo. But 
the beft known of his works, and that which did him the 
molt honour, is that intituled, Difcorfi di M. Vincenzo Bor- 
ghini, printed at Florence 1584 and 1585, in 2 vols. 4to. 
and reprinted at the fame place in 1755, with annotations. 
Borghini died in 1680, after having refuted the archbilhopric 
of Pifa, which was offered to him fome time before his death. 
He Ihould not be confounded with another writer of the 
fame name [Raphaello Borghini], author of feveral come¬ 
dies ; and of a Tradt on Painting and Sculpture, publiflied 
at Florence in 1584, 8vo. 
BORG'HOLM, a town of Sweden, in the ifland of 
Oeland. 
BORGHOLZHAU'SEN, a town of Germany, in the 
circle of Weftphalia, and county of Ravenfberg : fix miles 
fouth-weft of Hervorden. 
BORG'HORST, a town of Germany, in the circle of 
Weftphalia, and bifliopric of Munlter: three miles eaft pf 
Steinfort. 
BOR'GIA (Czefar), a natural fon of pope Alexander VI. 
was a man of fuch a fubtle and wicked charadter, that 
Machiavel has propofed him, in his famous book called 
The Prince, as a pattern to. all princes who would adt the 
part of politic tyrants. The portrait oppofite to the face 
of the fox in de la Porta’s Treatife on Phyfiognomy, is that 
of this monfter of iniquity. What year he was born in, 
we do not find ; but he was at his ftudies in the univerfity 
of Pifa, when his father Alexander was elected pope, in 
1492. Upon the news of his father’s advancement, he 
banifhed all thoughts of a private life ; and, full of am¬ 
bition, haftened diredtly to Rome. Alexander received 
him with coldnefs, which, whether real or affedted, is not 
eafy to determine. Ctelar however took it to be real; and, 
greatly dilgufted, went and complained to his mother Va- 
nozza. She comforted him, and told him, that the knew 
the pope’s mind better than any body, and for what rea- 
fons his holinefs had affected to give him that reception. 
In the mean time the court-flatterers lolicited the pope 
to make Ctefar a cardinal, which he abfolutely refufed ; 
neverthelefs, he created him archbifliop of Valenza, a be¬ 
nefice his holinefs had enjoyed in his younger days. This 
preferment was by no means fatisfadtory to Caefar, yet he 
thought proper to accept it; fince the pope, he found, 
was determined to confer the beft of his fecular dignities 
on his eldeft fon Francis, who at that time was made duke 
of Ganclia by Ferdinand king of Caftile and Arragon. 
Pope Alexander VI. had five children by his miftrefs Va- 
B Q R 2 1 5 
nozza-; Francis and Ctefar already mentioned, two other 
foils, and a daughter named Lucretia. Francis was a gen¬ 
tleman of probity and real goodnefs, quite oppofite to his 
broiher Catfar; yet Caefar polfelfcd abilities fuperior to 
thofe of Francis: which made a certain hiftorian fay, 
“ that Caefar was great among the wicked, and Francis 
good among the great.” Cadar, however, was the mo¬ 
ther’s favourite; and fhe got him made a cardinal in the 
lecond year of Alexander’s pontificate. From hencefor¬ 
ward he aided in concert with his-father, and was a great 
inftrumenr in executing all the fchemes of that wicked 
pope : for he had not the leaft grain of virtue or goodnefs 
in his make, nor was there any thing too atrocious "for him 
to perpetrate, if it could but tend to make him great and 
formidable; which was the foie objeft of his ambition. 
This put him upon the murder of his brother Francis. It 
was in 1497, that, hiring affaffins, he caufed him to be 
murdered, and thrown into the Tiber; where his body 
was found full of wounds, and extremely mangled. Cat- 
far, who now fucceeded to his brother’s fortunes and ho¬ 
nours, began to give greater fcope to his ambition and cru¬ 
elty. It is incredible what numbers he caufed to be taken 
off by poifon or the fword; and fwarms of affallins were 
conftantly kept in pay by him at Rome, for removing all 
who were either obnoxious or inconvenient to him. O11 
his marriage with the rich heirefs of the houle of Albert, 
he was difpenfcd from holy orders, and made duke of 
Valentinois, by Louis XII. of France: with whom he 
entered into a league for the conquelt of the Milanefe. 
From this time he experienced various turns of fortune, 
being fometimes very profperous, fometimes much other- 
wile. He narrowly efcaped dying of poifon in 1503; for, 
having concerted with the pope his father a defign of poi- 
loning nine newjy-created cardinals at once, in order to 
poffels their eftefts, the poifoned wine was by miftakc 
brought to themfelves, and drunk. The pope died of it; 
but Caefar, by the vigour of his youth, and the force of 
antidotes, recovered. But he only recovered to outlive 
his fortune and grandeur, to fee himfelf defpifed and de- 
prelfed, and his enemies exalted. He retired to Navarre, 
to king John, his brother-in-law, who being at war with 
his fubjects, he ferved under him as a volunteer. Borgia, 
who Ihould have perifhed on a fcalfold, died of a wound 
he received in this war, on the 12th of March, 1507. On 
his death-bed he laid, “ I had provided in the courfe of 
my life for every thing except for death: and now, alas! 
I am to die, though completely unprepared 'for it.” His 
device was, Ant Cre far, aut nihil-, which gave occafion to 
the following diftich : 
Borgia Ctefar erat, faflis et nomine, Ctefar: 
“ Aut nihil, aut Ctefar, ” dixit , itlrumque fuit. 
Borgia, whilft wild ambition’s fever flam’d, 
“ Czefar or nothing let me be,” exclaim’d. 
What truth infpir’d the unlufpefting prince, 
Too well, alas! his life and death evince. 
BORGIAN', a town of Perfia, in the province of Segeftan : 
ninety leagues fouth of Zareng. 
BOR'GO, a town of Sweden, in the province of Ny- 
land, in the gulf of Finland : twenty miles north-eaft of 
Helfingford. 
BOR'GO di FORNA'RI, a town of Italy, in the re¬ 
public of Genoa : ten miles north of Genoa. 
BORGOFOR'TE, a town of Italy, in the duchy of 
Mantua, at the conflux of the Oglio and the Po: eight miles 
fouth-fouth-weft of Mantua. In 1702, this town was gar- 
riloned by German troops, from whom it was taken by the 
French republican army ; and on the 27th of Odtcber, 1796, 
general Wurmfer was repulled near it, in attempting to re¬ 
take it from the French. 
BORGOFRAN'CA, a town of Italy, in the principality 
of Piedmont: two miles and a half north of Ivrea. 
BOR'GO MAINE'RA, a town of Italy, in the Nova- 
refe : twelve miles north-north-weft of Novara, and eleven 
eaft-fouth-eaft of Borgo di Sena. 
BOR'GO 
