223 B O 
ralift. The varieties of domeftic cattle fpntng from the 
wild flock are very numerous ; luch as the great Indian 
ox, of a reddifh colour, with Ihort horns bending clofe to 
the neck ; with a vaft lump on the Ihoulders, very fat, 
and efteemed the molt delicious part. This lump degene¬ 
rates; and difappears in a few delcents, in the breed pro¬ 
duced between them and the common kind. This variety 
is alfo common in Madagafcar, and of an enormous fize. 
A very fraall kind, with a lump on the fnoulders, and 
horns almoft upright, bending a little forward, is the bos 
indicus of Linnasus, and the zebu of M. de Buffon. In 
Surat is a minute kind, not bigger than a great dog, which 
has a fierce look, and is ul'ed to draw children in finall 
carts. The large fpecies are the common beafts of draft 
in molt parts of India, and draw the hackaries or chariots, 
and are kept in very high condition. Others are ufed as 
pads, are faddled, and go at the rate of twenty miles a- 
day. Albufazel, vol. ii. p. 13. alfo ipeaks of the vaft bul¬ 
locks of Shereefabad, in the lower parts of Bengal, of a 
milk-white colour, which, like camels, will kneel down to 
be loaded, and will carry above eleven hundred pounds 
weight. How favourable, fays Mr. Pennant, in his View 
of Idindooftan, mult the plains of India be to the produce 
Of this kind of cattle, which could, in 1791, itipply the 
marquis Cornwallis with the multitudes deftroyed, both 
before and after the battle of Seringapatam ; and yet could 
inftantly fupply his further demand of fix thouland draft, 
and twenty thoufand carriage, bullocks, for commencing the 
cnfuing campaign ! 
There are cattle in AbyiTmia, and in the ifle of Mada- 
gaicar, with lumps on their backs, and horns attached only 
to the lkin, quite pendulous. In Adel or Adea, they are 
as large as camels, with pendulous ears and hunch backs ; 
they are called botiry. There are alfo white cattle, with 
black ears, in the ifle of Tinian. The lant or clant, de- 
fcribed by Leo Africanus, is another beaft, perhaps, to be 
referred to this genus. He fays it rel'embles an ox ; but 
hath fmaller legs and comlier horns; and fo i'wifr, as to 
be one of the rivals in fpeed with the Barbary horfe : the 
oftrich is the other. If the horl'e can overtake either, it 
is valued at a thouland ducats, or a hundred camels. The 
hoofs are of a jetty blacknefs : of the hide targets are made, 
impenetrable by a bullet, and fold at a great price. 
Of the European cattle, the mod famous are thofe of 
Holftein and Jutland, which, feeding on the rich warm 
lowlands, between the two leas, grow to a great fize. A 
good cow yields from twelve to twenty-four quarts of milk 
in a day. Befides home-conlumption, about thirty-two 
thoufand are annually fent towards Copenhagen, Ham¬ 
burgh, and Germany. About the Viftula is bred the fame 
kind. Podolia and the Ruffian Ukraine, particularly about 
the rivers Bog, Dnieper, and Dniefter, produce a fine breed ; 
tall, larged-horned, of a greyifh-white colour, with dulky 
heads and feet, and a duiky line along the back. The 
calves of thole defigned for laic luck a year, and are never 
worked, which brings them to a larger fize than their pa¬ 
rents. They are-called in Germany blue oxen; eighty or 
•ninety thouland are annually driven to Konigiberg, Ber¬ 
lin, and Brellaw; the beft are fold at one hundred rix- 
dollars each, or twenty pounds fterling; which brings a 
yearly return to their native country of fix million three 
hundred thouland rix-dollars. Hungary breeds the lame 
kind ; and fends annually to Vienna and other parts of Ger¬ 
many about one hundred and twenty thoufand, which brings 
back eight millions of rix-dollars. 
The bull, or male, of even the moft domefticated kind, 
is naturally a fierce and terrible animal. When the cows 
are in feafon, he is perfe&ly ungovernable, and often fu¬ 
rious. He puts on an air of fullen majefty, and tears up 
the earth with his feet and horns. The principal ufe of 
jhe bull is to propagate the fpecies; for, although he 
might be trained to labour, his obedience cannot be de¬ 
pended on. A bull, like a ftallion, Ihould be the moft 
handlomevhf his fpecies. He Ihould be large, well-made, 
and in good heart; he Ihould have a black eye; a fierce 
s. 
alpe£t; an open front; a fiiort head; thick, fhort, and 
blackifh, horns, and long lhaggy ears ; a fhort and ftraight 
noile, large and full breaft and Ihoulders, thick and ftefny 
neck, firm reins, a ftraight back, thick fleihy legs, and a 
long tail well covered with hair. Caftration remarkably 
foltens the nature of this animal; it deftroys all his fire 
and impetuofity, and renders him mild and tractable, with¬ 
out diminilhing his ftrength ; on the contrary, after this ope¬ 
ration, his weight is increafed, and he becomes fitter for 
ploughing, &c. 
The time for caftrating bulls has been ufually at the 
age of puberty, or when they are eighteen months or two 
years old. It is the fafeft way, however, to caftratc them 
when calves, at eight or ten days old ; they then grow 
larger and fatter, and have more courage and aftivity than 
thol'e caftrated at the age of puberty. When the operation 
is delayed till the age of fix, feven, or eight, years, they 
lofe but few of the qualities of bulls; are much more fu¬ 
rious and untrafitable than other oxen ; and, when the cows 
are in fealon, they go in quell of them- with their ulual 
ardour. Cows produce the beft calves from the beginning 
of May to the middle of July. Their time of geftatton is 
nine months; but, when improperly managed, are very 
fubjeft to abortion. They Ihould be put in o the beft paf- 
tures, and fhould not be milked for fix weeks or two 
months before they bring forth their young. A milch 
cow.ought to be cholen young, fleihy, and with a lively 
eye ; and, to make her moft productive, ihould be lent to 
the bull in nine or ten days after calving; at which time 
flic will with moft certainty again become pregnant. The 
calf, at its birth, is generally more perfect and vigorous 
than the young of moft other animals; yet it needs to be 
for a coDfiderable time under the care of the mother ; it 
fhould however, be feparated from her, except at milking- 
time, that it may not exhauft her by comtant lucking. 
Calves, whether intended to be lold to the butcher, or 
kept for weaning, are ufually confined for a few weeks 
from the open air. In the courie of eight or ten weeks 
thofe intended for veal are generally fit for iale. Befides 
being permitted to fuck twice or thrice a-day, to fatten 
them quickly they may be fed with raw eggs, and boiled 
bread and milk. Like other young animals, healthy calves 
teftify, by a variety of fportive gambols, the plealure which 
they derive from the conlcioufnels of exittence, and free¬ 
dom from more adult fenfations. The cow comes in fea¬ 
fon in about eighteen months, but the bull requires two 
years ; but, although they are capable of propagating at 
thefe ages, it is better to reftrain them till they be full 
three years. From three to nine years thole animals are 
in full vigour ; but, when older, they are fit for nothing 
but to be fatted for the butcher. This may be done on 
potatoes, carrots, Swedifh turnips, or on common turnips, 
where paftures are wanting. In Iceland, and even in Nor¬ 
way, cows and oxen are fatted on boiled filn ; and they are 
even faid to be fond of this kind of food. Theie bulky ani¬ 
mals neither fleep fo profoundly, nor lo long, as the lmallcr 
ones. The fleep of the ox is Ihort and flight; he wakes 
’at the lead noile. He lies generally on the left fide, and 
the kidney of that fide is always larger than the other. 
There is a great variety in the colour of oxen : a brindled 
or black colour is moft efteemed. I he hair fhould be 
gloffy, thick, and foft; for, when other wife, the animal 
is either not in health, or has a weakly conftitution. The 
belt time for inuring them to labour is at the age of two 
and a half or three years. The ox eats very quick, and 
foon fills his firft ftcmach; after which he lies down to 
ruminate, or chew the cud ; for which lurious operation, 
fee Anatchuy of the Cow, vol. i. p. 659. The age of 
thefe animals may he diftinguilhed by the teeth and horns. 
The firft fore-teeth fall out at the age of fix months, and 
are l'ucceeded by others of a darker colour, and broader. 
At the end of lixteen months, the next milk-teeth like- 
wil'e fall out ; and at the beginning of the fourth year all 
the fore-teeth are renewed, and then they are long, pretty 
white, and equal. However, as the animal advances in 
years, 
