*42 B O T 
the leaf becomes larger than the dific admits of, and is 
thereby forced to undulate. A!! curled leaves are ranked 
as monIters-. Rugous, or wrinkled, when the veins of, the 
leaves contrail; into a narrower compafs than the dilk, fo 
that the fubftance between them is obliged to rife; as in 
lage. Concave, or hollow, when the margin of the leaf 
contrails, and becomes lefs than the circurnfcription of 
the dilk, by which means the dilk is deprelfed. Veinous, or 
veiny, when the velfcls are branched all over the leaves, 
and their anaftomofes or joinings are obvious to the naked 
eye. Nervous, when they hhve fimple unbranched velfels, 
that extend themfelves from the bale to the apex. Coloured, 
when they change their green for fome other colour; as 
in tri-coloured amaranth. Glabrous, or fmooth, when the 
furf.tce is void of all inequality. 
The Substance of a leaf refpeils the conditions of its 
fides : in this relpect leaves are, Tcreies, or round like a 
pillar, when they are for the moll part cylindric. Semi- 
cylindric, like a halved cylinder, when they are round on 
one fide, ami flat on the other. Tubulous, like a tube or 
pipe, when upon cutting them they appear to be hollow 
within. Carnous, flefhy, or Aieculenf, when they are filled 
with a pulp. Comprefjcd, or flatted, when they are fo com- 
prelfed by their oppolite marginal lides, that the fubftance 
of the leaf becomes greater than the dilk. Plane, or level, 
when they have both l’urfapes every where parallel. Gib¬ 
bous f or bunched, when by a plenitude of pulp both the fur- 
faces are rendered convex. Convex, or rounding, when the 
dilk riles higher than the fides. Deprejl, or prefled down, 
when the fides rife higher than the dilk. Canaliculate, or 
channelled, when a deep furrow runs along it, and finks it 
almoft to a half cylinder. Adcipites, or double-faced, when 
the dilk is convex, and there are two ptominent longitu¬ 
dinal angles. Enfform, or fword-lhaped, when they grow 
narrower from the bafe to the apex. Acinaciform, fail 1 - 
chion, or fcimitar-lhaped, when they are flefhy and com- 
prelTed, with one edge convex and narrow, and the other 
ftraighter and broader. Dolabriform, or hatchet-ftiaped, 
when their figure is roundilh, coinprelfed, and obtule; 
gibbous outwardly with a fharp edge, and taper towards 
tire lower part. Lingueform, or tongue-fhaped, when they 
are linear, flelhy, obtufe, convex underneath, and often 
with a cartilaginous margin. Triquetrous, or three-cor¬ 
nered, when they are fubulate, and have three flat longi¬ 
tudinal lides. Sulcate, or furrowed, when they are fcored 
longitudinally with numerous angles or ridges, and as many 
hollows or channels betwixt them. Carinate, or keeled, 
when the prone part of the dilk is prominent longitudi¬ 
nally. Membranaceous, when they have no perceptible pulp 
between the two furfaces, 
11. Compound Leaves. —A leaf is find to be com¬ 
pound, when there arc more than one upon a petiole or 
footftalk ; and thefe are to be confidered in refpeft to 
Strutture, and Degree. By their structure, is to be 
underftood the infertion of the folioles, or lelfer leaves, 
of which they are compounded ; and in this refpedl leaves 
are called, Compound, when a fingle petiole furnilhes more 
than one leaf. Articulate, or jointed, when one leaf grows 
.out at the top of another. Digitate, or fingered, when the 
apex of a fingle petiole connects many folioles ; and they 
are termed Binale, Ternate, or Quinate, growing two, three, 
or live, together, according to the number of folioles of 
which the digitate leaf confifts. Pinnate, or winged, when 
tile fides of a fingle petiole connect many folioles. Pinnate 
with an odd one, w hen it is terminated by an odd foliole. 
A Cirrhofe pinnate leaf, when it terminates in a cirrhus or 
clafper. An Abrupt pinnate leaf, when it is terminated 
neither by a foliole nor cirrhus. Oppofitely pinnate, when 
the folioles (land oppolite to each other. Alternately pin¬ 
nate, when the folioles are produced alternately. Inter¬ 
ruptedly pinnate, when the folioles are alternately lefs. 
'Articulately pinnate, when the petiole common to all the 
folioles is articulate, or jointed. Decurjively pinnate, when 
the folioles are decurrent, or running down; that is, ex- 
A N Y, 
tending themfelves downward along the petiole. Conju¬ 
gate, when tlie pinnate leaf confifts of two folioles only. 
Degree, in a compound leaf, refpedls the fubdivilions 
-of the common petiole. In refpedt to which leaves are. 
Decompound, when a petiole once divided connects many 
folioles. Bigeminate, when a dichotomous petiole conneifis 
four folioles on its apices. Biternate, or Duplicato-ternate , 
when there are three folioles on a petiole, and each foliole 
is ternate ; as in barren-wort. Bipinnate, or Duplicato-pin- 
nate, when the folioles of a pinnate leaf are pinnate. Pe¬ 
date, foot-lhaped, or branching, when a bifid petiole con¬ 
certs many folioles on its infide only ; as in pallion-flovver 
and wake-robin. Supra-decompound, when many folioles 
are borne on a petiole that has been any number of times 
lubdivided. Triternate, or Triphcato-ternate, when a pe¬ 
tiole bears three folioles that are each of them ternate. 
Tripinnate, or Triplicate-pinnate, when a petiole bears many 
folioles, each of which are bipinnate. 
III. Determinate Leaves. —By the determina¬ 
tion of leaves is to be underftood their character, ex- 
p re lied from fome circumftance foreign to their own par¬ 
ticular ftruiture or configuration ; as from their Place, 
Situation, Infertion, or DireElion. By the Place of a leaf 
is meant the part where it is faftened to the plant. In re- 
fpeft to which, leaves are called, Seminal, or feed-leaves, 
which before were the cotyledons, or lobes of the feed, and 
are the firft which appear. Radical, or root-leaves, fuch as 
proceed from the root. Cauline, or ftem-leaves, fuch as 
grow on the Item. Rameous, or branch-leaves, fuch as grow 
on the branches. Axillary leaves, fuch as are placed at 
the coming out of the branches. Floral, or flower-leaves, 
fuch as are placed at the coming out of the flower. 
By situation, is meant the difpofition of the leaves 
on the liem of the plant. In refpedt to which, leaves are 
called, Stellate, Harry, or Verticillate, whirled, when the 
llalk is furrounded in whirls by more than two leaves: and 
thefe again receive the denomination of Tern, Ouatern, 
Quine, Sene, 8c c. according to the number of leaves of 
which the liar or whirl is compofed ; as in rofe-bay, Afri¬ 
can almond, and mare’s-tail. Oppofite, when the cauline 
leaves come out in pairs facing each other, and each pair 
is crofted by the next, fo that they point four different 
ways. Alternate, when they come out fingly, and follow 
in a gradual order. Sparfed, or fcattered, when they come 
out numeroufly about the plant, without order. Confert, or 
crowded, when they come out in quantities, fo as almoft to 
cover the branches, and leave hardly any fpace between 
them. Imbricate, when they are confert and ereft, fo as to 
lie over one another, each covering a part of the following 
one. Fafciculate, or bundled, when many come out from 
the fame point. Diflich , in two rows, when the leaves all 
fpring out from two fides of the branches only. 
In refpecl to their insertion, (which is ufually at the 
bafe,) leaves are called, Peltate, or fhield-falhioned, when 
the petiole is inferted into the dilk of the leaf, and not into ' 
its bafe or margin ; as in water-lily. Petiolate, when there 
is a petiole faftened to the leaf at the margin of the bale. 
SeJJile, or fquat, when the leaf has no petiole, but is faftened 
immediately to the Hem. Decurrent, or running down, 
when the bafe of a feliile leaf extends itfelf downwards 
along the Hem, beyond the proper bafe or termination of 
the leaf; as in the globe-flower, and thiftle. Amplexicaul, 
or embracing the ftalk, when the bafe of the leaf embraces 
the fides of the fteni croflwife on both fides; or Semi-am- 
plexicaul, embracing the ftalk in a lefs degree. Perfoliate , 
when the bafe of the leaf is continued acrofs the Hem till 
it meets again, fo as to. embrace it all round ; as in hare’s- 
ear. Connate, or growing together, when two oppofite leaves 
join, and are united in one; as in hemp-agrimony, and 
honey-fuckle. Vaginant , forming a vagina or (heath, when 
the bafe of the leaf forms a cylindric tube that invefts the 
branch. 
In refpefl to their direction, leaves are called, Ad- 
verfe, when their fides are not turned towards the Iky, but 
towards 
