2 40 B- 0 T 
I'ig. 23. Perfoliated, when the bafe of the leaf entirely 
furrounds the item; or when the (talk grows through the 
center of t lie leaf; as the fiiew-England hemp agrimony. 
—Petiolated, growing on a foqtftalk. at the margin or bale ; 
as in fig. 13, and 20. 
24. Quaternate, when verticillate leaves come, by fours, 
having four in each whirl; as in Virginian clove lychnis. 
2 5. Qurnate, having five leaves growing from the fame 
point ; as in Weymouth pine. 
26. Radicant, leaves bearding to the ground, and taking 
rpot w here they touch the earth its afplenimn rhizophyl- 
lnm, fpleenwort.—Ranious, whep the leaves grow only on 
the branches, and not on the trunk ; as (hewn at fig.6, and 31. 
27. Reclining, bending dow nwards ; fo that the apex of 
the leaf is lower than its bale; as in ftrawherry-blitc. 
28. Refupinatc, when the upper tide of the leaf is turned 
downwards, lacing the earth, and the lower or under dilk 
Is turned upwards, facing the fky ; as alftroemeriapelegoina. 
29. Revolute, when the leaf is rolled back, or curled 
under; as in (weet-william. 
30. Seminal, or feed-leaves; thofe leafits which arife 
immediately from the cotyledon, or lobes of the feed, after 
(fiwmg, and appear fi 1 ft out of the ground; as raddifh. 
■—Seini-amptexicaul, leaves which embrace or furround 
the Hem only half-way ; as (hewn in fig. 2.—Sefiile, when 
the leaves fit upon or grow immediately to the (lent, with¬ 
out any petiole or footllalk ; as in fig. 10. 
31. Sparfed, when the leaves are numeroufly fcattered 
on a plant, without any regular order; as iii the myrtle¬ 
leaved polygala, or milk-wort.—Senate, when leaves grow 
in fixes, or come out at one joint in a ftellated form ; as 
(hewn at fig. 34. 
32. Trinate, when three, leaves grow from the fame 
point; as in the marfh American pine. 
33. Vaginant, or (heathed, when the bafe of the leaf 
forms a (heath that infolds the (tem; as Indian reed.— 
Vertical, when leaves grow erect, or in fuch an upright 
pofition, that the apex of the one nearly touches the bafe 
of the fucceeding; as in fig. 15. 
34. Verticillate, leaves growing in whirls, or furround¬ 
ing the fiem like the rays of a wheel; as in dyer’s madder. 
—There is another fpecies ofleaves, called fiipulae, or fii- 
pules ; being a fort of props, or % fmall (bales or leafits ge¬ 
nerally (ituated at the bafe of the footftalks, for the pur- 
pole of lupporting them on their firft appearance. They 
are (Efficiently evident in the (talk of dag’s mercury, repre- 
iented at fig. 35. marked a, b, c. 
Of the FLOWER, or FRUCTIFICATION. 
Though the flower be fubjebt to fuch a number of va¬ 
rieties, yet the efiential parts being conftant, and pro¬ 
vided likevvife with male and female organs, (omevvhat a- 
ndogous to thofe of the animal kingdom, Linnreus very 
judicioufly fixed upon this part of the vegetable only, 
w hereon to found the claffification of his fextial fyftem.— 
The term fruElification was adopted on purpofe to include 
the fruit or feed; for, though t lie fruit does not fwell and 
ripen till after the flower is fallen, its rudiment, or firfi 
beginning, is nevertheless in the flower, of which there¬ 
fore it properly conftitutes a part. There is alfo another 
very curious fatfi, deferving our notice, which is, that every 
flower is perfectly formed interiorly, many months before 
it appears outwardly ; or, in other words, the flowers which 
appear this year, are not, (Iriblly (peaking, the flowers of 
this year, but of the la(t. For infiance, mezereon ufually 
flowers in January; butthefe flowers are completely form¬ 
ed in the month of Augufi preceding. Of this circum- 
ftance any one may be eafily convinced, by only feparating 
the coats of a tulip-root about the beginning of September; 
and he will find that the two innermoft divifions form a 
kind ot cell, in the center of which hands the young flow¬ 
er, which is not defiined to make its appearance till the 
following April or May. Hence Linnaeus defines the fruc¬ 
tification to be, a temporary part of every plant, allotted 
so generation; whereby tire Creator has efiablilhed the 
a- n Y . 
mean's of prefervatron and increafe to each individual of 
the vegetable tribe. 
'By the rules of Botany, a flower is divisible into the fol¬ 
lowing parts : j. The Calyx, cup, or empalement. 2. The 
Corolla , leaves, or petals, which form the bloflom; includ¬ 
ing likewife a part called the NeElary, or honey-cup. 3. The 
Stamina, or male organ ; called alfo filaments, threads, or 
chives. 4. The P if ilium, or female organ, by Some termed 
the pointal. 5. The Pericarpium , or leed-veffel. 6. The 
Semina, feeds, or fruit. 7. The Reccptaculum, receptacle, 
or bafe, on which the flower or fructification is Seated.—. 
Tliefe Several parts we (hall now Separately deferibe. 
The CALYX. 
The calyx is formed of the termination of the cortex, or 
outer bark of the plant; which, after accompanying the 
trunk or fiem through all its branches, at laft breaks out 
with the flower in this new form. ‘ Its chief ufe is to en- 
clofe and proteCt the other parts. It is difiinguifhed by 
different appellations, according to the circumftances with 
which it is attended, viz. Perianthium, or flower-cup, when 
it is placed clofe to the frmfiification. Involucrum, proper, 
when ftationed at the foot of an umbel, and at a difiance 
below the flower; it is an upiverfal involucrum, if placed 
under an univerfal umbel; or a partial one, if under a 
partial. Amentum, or catkin, when the calyx proceeds 
from one common receptacle, refembling the chaff of an 
ear of corn. Spatka, or (heath, when it burfis open length¬ 
ways, and puts forth a fpadix. Gluma, or hu(k, when 
proper to grades, which it folds over with its valves; and 
the (harp point or beard i(filing from the glume is called 
Arif a. I11 modes, the calyx is termed Calyptra, land is 
placed like a veil over the antherag or fta'mens. In the 
fungi or mufhroom tribe, it is called Volva, or curtain, 
from its extended form. 
It may in fome cafes appear difficult to diftingtfifii a ca¬ 
lyx from the bradlae or floral leaf, fuch as is found to ac¬ 
company the frublification of the lime-tree, lavender, cow- 
wheat, and fome others. They may however be diftin- 
guiflied by this certain rule, that a calyx always withers 
when the fruit, is ripe, if not before ; but the floral leaf 
will remain longer. Without attending to this, miftakes 
might eafily be made in hellebore, fennel-flower, pafiron- 
flower, wild Syrian rue, and others, in which the calyx is 
wanting. In many flowers the calyx is deciduous, drop¬ 
ping off as foon as the flower begins to expand ; this is the 
cafe with barren-wort, and poppy. 
We are next to confider the different ftrublures of the 
calyx, which admit of many variations and definitions ex- 
clufive of the above. Thefe chiefly depend on the fabric, 
and variety of the forms, which are to be difiinguifhed 
with regard to number, compofition, parts, and fegments. 
In refpedt to Number, the calyx is either Jingle, as in the 
primrofe, and moft flowers ; double, as in common mallow, 
Syrian mallow, and anotta ; or wanting, as in.the crown 
imperial, tulip, and many of the liliaceous, flowers. In 
refpedt to Compoftion, it is either imbricate, that is, com. 
pofed of many (cales lying over each other, as in hawk- 
weed, (ow-thiftle, and oriental centaury ; fquarrofe, or 
compofed of feales divaricated on all (ides, and fpreading 
widely open, as in common thiftle, cotton thifile, and the 
greater fleabane ; auElus, augmented, having a feries of 
difiinft leaves, (horter than its own, that furround its bafe 
externally, as in thetickfeed fimflower, water hemp agri¬ 
mony, the pink, and carnation; or multiflorous, common 
to many florets, as in fcabious, and the compound flow¬ 
ers. In refpedt to its Parts, the calyx is either monophyl- 
loiis, of one leaf, as in thorn-apple and alder-leaved Her- 
mannia; diphyllous, of two, as in fumitory and fumaria 
bulbofa ; triphyllous, of three, as in Virginian fpider-wort ; 
tetraphyl/ous, of four, as in barren-wort and pearl-wort!; 
pentaphyllous, of five, as in the rock-role, pheafant’s eye, 
and cerbera ; hexaphyllous, of (ix, as in the barberry on 
pipperidge buih ; and decaphyllous, of ten, as in the Sy¬ 
rian mallow and the prickly teazel. In refpect to its Seg¬ 
ments 
