B O T 
merits (which.chiefly.concern.the monpphyllons. calyx), it 
is either integer, or whole, as ih genipa ; bifid, or divided 
into two fegments,' as in hooded milfoil ; trifiid, in three, 
as in water plantain and Cliffortia ; quadrifd, in four, as 
in elephant’s head ; quinquejid, in five, as in the bramble; 
fiexfid, in fix, as in pavetta ; oclofid, in eight, as in tormen- 
til ; decemjid, in ten, as cinquefoil and flrawberry ; or du- 
cdecevjid, in twelve, as in willow-herb. 
The calyx alfo varies with regard to its figure, which 
includes the terms of its equality, margin, and apex. In 
refpeft to its Figure, it is either globous, or globe-fhaped, 
as in the berry-bearing chickweed, and burning thorny- 
plant, or fpurge ; clavate, or club-fliaped, as in vifeous 
Campion; ref ex, bent back, as in the globe-thiflle ; or e- 
redl, upright, as iii tobacco and primrofe, In refpedl to 
Equality, it is either equal, as in campion ; or unequal, as in 
helianthus ; or with the fegments alternately fliortcr, as in 
cinquefoil and torment'd. In refpeift to its Margin, it is 
either interrigimous, very entire, as in mod plants ; ferrate, 
or fawed, as in fome fpecies of St. John’s wort; or ciliate, 
fringed, with hairs like an eye-lafli, as in fome fpecies of 
blue-bottle, and knapweed. In refpecl to its Apex, or 
top, it is either acute, or fharp, as in androface, and great 
curled dock ; acuminate, or pointed, as in henbane ; ob- 
tufe, or blunt, as in water-lily and Garcinia ; or with one 
of its indents lopped off, as in vervain. 
The calyx likewife differs in its proportion, fituation, 
and duration. With refpeft to Proportion, it is either 
Conger than the corolla, as in rofe campion, pearlwort, and 
fome fpecies of antirrhinum ; equal to it, as in fome fpe¬ 
cies of ceraftium ; or fiiorter, as in vifeous campion. In 
refpeiff to Situation, it is either a calyx of the Jlower, as in 
Linnaea ;' or of the fruit, as in Morina ; or of the fructi¬ 
fication, as in peony. In refpecl to Duration, it is either 
caducous, falling off at the firfl opening of the flower, as 
in poppy and barren-wort; deciduous with the corolla, as 
in barberry ; or perfifiing, till the fruit is come to matu¬ 
rity, as in fnap-dragon and rattle-coxcomb. 
The preceding variations of the calyx chiefly appertain 
to the perianthium. Thofe which relate to an hwolucrum 
are as follow : An involucrum is either monophyl/ous, as in 
hare’s ear ; diphyllous, as in euphorbia or fpurge ; tripkyl- 
Iqus, as in flowering-rufli, and water-plantain ; tetraphyl- 
lous, as in dog-wood, and cornelian cherry ; pevlaphyllous, 
as in carrot; or hexapkyllous as in the blood-flower. The 
Spatha alfo varies, being either monophyllous, as in daffodil; 
diphyllous, as in water-foldier; or imbricate, as in the plan¬ 
tain-tree. 
In the engravings which are feledled to exemplify 
the fexual claflification, all thefe parts of the flower are 
figured in a great number of different inftances j we fliall 
neverthelefs give a few examples, in the annexed Botani¬ 
cal Plate VIII. in order that the learner may more readily 
comprehend the fubjedt as we go on, and become mafter 
of it before we treat of the Genera and Varieties of plants. 
In this plate, fig. i. reprefents a quinquefid calyx, or pe¬ 
rianthium of the fructification ; it is that of the bramble, 
which fupports both the ftamina and the germen. 2. A 
monoph'yllous perianthium or cup ; the alder-leaved ffer- 
raannia. 3. A decaphyllous perianthium ; the prickly tea¬ 
zel. 4. A globe-fhaped calyx, with its fegments above the 
germen ; the burning thorny-plant or fpurge. 5. An im¬ 
bricated perianthium; the oriental centaury. 6. A tri- 
phyllous involucrum, proper; the blue paffon-flovver. 
y. An amentum, or catkin ; the hazel nut-tree. 8. A fpa- 
tha, or fheath ; the arum maculanim, or vv^ke-robin. 9. A 
gluma, or hulk ; the wild oat. 10. A’calyptra, or veil, 
covering the anthera in moffes ; the matted bryum. n. 
The volva, or curtain,' proper to the fungi. 
The COROLLA. 
The corolla, or bloffom, is that beautifully coloured 
part of a flower, which attradfs the attention, of every be¬ 
holder. It is compofed of one or more petals',ror bloffom- 
leavesj.and is Laid, by Linnteus; to be anexpanfion of the 
ANY. , 247 
inner bark of (lie plant. Its life is fimilar and fecondary 
to tiiat of the calyx, ferving as a defence to the delicate 
organs of fex, to the nedlary, and germen, which in general 
lie within the corolla, and feem to be the parts pregnant 
'with perfume, as well as deftined for the propagation of 
vegetable life. The leaves of which the corolla confifts, 
are called petals, and are thus diftinguiflied from the green 
leaves of the plant, with Which they might elfe be con¬ 
founded. The ancients,' indeed, feem to have had no 
diftinct term whereby to exprefs this part of the fruCfifi- 
cation ; and hence Virgil, in deferibing the aniellus, a 
fpecies of after, the flower of which has a yellow middle, 
and purple rays, calls it a golden flower, furrounded with 
purple leaves: 
Aureus ipfie (11 os) fed in foliis, quiz plurima circum 
Funduntur, violetJublucit purpura nigra. Gcor. iv. 
This loofe expreflion/' which is chargeable rather on the 
language 1 than the poet, has milled all its tranflators : May 
and Addifon, Dryden and Dr. Trapp, have all applied the 
colours of the flower to the leaves or boughs of the plant. 
Dr. Trapp has even applied the golden colour to the fern, 
and the purple to the leaves : 
For from one turf a mighty grove it bears; 
Its fiem of golden hue, but in its leaves. 
Which copious round it fprout, the purple teint 
Of deep-dyed violets more gloffy fhines. \ 
The ftrufhire of the corolla, like that of the calyx, is 
fubjecl to a great number of variations. If the corolla be 
monopetalous, or of one petal, it conlifts of two parts, viz. 
the tube, or lower part, which is ufually tube-fliaped ; and 
the limb, or upper part, which expands or fpreads wider. 
The limb alfo, according'to its figure, is either canipanulate, 
bell - fli aped ; that is, bellying out, and without a tube ; 
infundibulform, or funnel-lhaped ; of the figure of a cone, 
and Handing on a tube; hypocraterij'orm, or falver-fha'ped; 
plain or flat, and ftandinef on a tube ; rotatory, or wlVeel- 
fhaped, flat, without a tube; or r in gent, gaping; that is, 
irregular, and perfonaUed with two lips. If the corolla 
be polypetalous, or of many petals, each petal confifts of an 
unguis, or claw, which is the lower part faftened to the 
bale; and lamina, a thin plate; which is the upper part, 
ufually expanded or fpreading. A polypetalous corolla is 
cruciform, or crofs-fttaped, when it confifts of four petals 
that are equal and fpreading; and papilionaceous, or butter- 
fly-ftiaped, when it is irregular, confuting of four petals, of 
which the under one refembles the keel of a (hip, the upper 
one rifes, and the two fide ones Hand fingle. 
The variations of the corolla, in refpefl to ntimher, con¬ 
cern either the petals, or fegments. It is monopetalous, or 
of one petal, in bindweed and primrofc ; dipetalous, of two, 
in day-flower and enchanter’s night (hade ; tripctalous, of 
three, in arrow-head and water-plantain ; tetrap'etalous, of 
four, in the (lock July-flovve'r'; pehtdpelalbus, of five, in 
the white bean-tree ; hexapeta.lous, of fix, in the tulip, 
duck’s foot, and' white n arc i flu's ; eiineapctalous, of nine, 
in the tea-tree and tulip-tree ; and polypetalous, of many, 
in water-lily, and fpring adonis. With regal'd to the'feg- 
inents, which concern rather the monopetalous than the 
polypetalous flowers, being but rarely oblerved in. the lat¬ 
ter, the corolla has either two, as in chickweed, and' en¬ 
chanter’s nightfhade ; three, as in-Hole fie 11m and Hype- 
count; four, as in campion ; or five, as in mignonette. 
The variations of the corolla in regard to figure, include 
alfo its equality and margin. In refpefl to figure, it is 
undulate, or waved, in the fuperb lily ; plicate, or folded, 
in the convolvulus; revolute, or rolled back, in afparagus, 
and medeola ; and tort, tvvifted, in rofe-bay, fwallow-wort, 
and periwinkle. In rel'petff to equality, it is equal, in the 
primrofe ; unequal, in the flowering-rufli ; regular, in co¬ 
lumbine ; and irregular, in wolf’s-bane, and dead nettle. 
Its margin is either crenate, or notched,'as in flax ; ferrate, 
or fawed, as iit the lime-tree, and water-plantain ; ciliate, 
or fringed, as in rue, bog-bean, and Indian crefs; denti- 
3 culate, 
