2£o B O T 
green; cruciform, crofs-fiiaped, as in pennaea ; uncinate, 
hooked, as in violet, and American viburnum ; canalicu¬ 
late, grooved or channelled, as in meadow faff'ron ; concave, 
hollow, as in violet ; angu/ate, cornered, as in Muntingia ; 
J/riate, (treaked, as in poppy ; plumous, feathery, as in pal- 
mated rhubarb, tamarilk, and the grades; or pubefcent, 
downy, as in berry-bearing chickweed, and chickling- 
vetch. In refpedt to length, it may be capillary, hair-like, 
as in Turkey wheat, or as long as the llyle, as in genipa. 
In relpedt to flub/lance, it may be foliaceous, refembling a 
thin leaf, as in flower-de-luce. In refpedt to duration , it 
\% marcfcent, withering, as in moft plants ; or perflfling, as 
in the lide-faddle flower, water lily, and poppy. Some of 
thefe forms of the piftillum are reprefented in the plate. 
Fig. 37. Piftillum of the African crane’s-bill ; a, the ger- 
'men; b, the ftyle, fubulate, or awl-fnaped; c, the frigma, 
qtiinquefid, revolute, or reflexed. 38. Piftillum of the 
Indian flowering-reed; a, the germen; b, the ftyle, with 
a peduncle or footftalk, lanceolate ; c, the ftigma, linear 
or pointed, growing to the margin of the ftyle. 39. Piftil- 
him of the palmated rhubarb; a, the germen ; b, the 
ftyles, three, very fhort; c, the ftigmas, reflex, plumofe. 
40. Piftillum of the holyhock ; a, the germen ; b, the 
ftyle, cylindrical, ereft ; c, the ftigmas, multifid, fetaceous. 
41. Piftillum of the crocus ; a, tlie germen ; b, the ftyle, 
filiform, or thread-fhaped ; c, the ftigmas, three, convo¬ 
lute, ferrated. 42. Piftillum of the pomegranate ; a, the 
germen; b, the ftyle, Ample, tubular; c, the ftigma, 
capitate, or headed. 
The PERICARPIUM. 
The pericarpium, or feed-veflel, is no other than the 
germen above deferibed, grown to maturity. It is defined 
by Linnaeus as an entrail of the plant big with feeds, which 
it difeharges when ripe. Some flowers have no feed-vef- 
fels; in which cafe the feeds are faid to be naked ; the cup, 
however, generally nourifhes the feeds until they come to 
maturity. In the tribe of grades, this office, is frequently 
performed by what was before called the bloom or bloflom. 
The pericarpium is diftinguifhed, according to the cir- 
cumftances which attend it, by the following appellations : 
Capfula, or capfule, a cheft or little cafket, forming a peri¬ 
carpium which envelopes the feed, but opens of its own 
accord in a determinate time. The inclofure which fur- 
rounds and covers the feeds externally is called a valvule, 
or valve ; the partitions which divide it into compartments 
or cells, dijfepiments ; the fubflance which palles through 
the capfule, and connects the feveral partitions and feeds, 
columella ; and the cells, or hollow compartments, in which 
the feeds are lodged, loculaments. Saliqua, a pod, is a pe¬ 
ricarpium with two valves, wherein the feeds are fattened 
along both the futures or hinges of the valves. Lcgumcn, 
another pod with two valves, but wherein the feeds are 
faftened along one future only. Conceplaculum, or concep- 
tacle, is a pericarpium of a Angle valve, which opens on 
one (ide lengthways, and has not the feeds faftened at all. 
Drupa, a pulpy or fiefhy pericarpium, without any valve, 
containing a ftone, as the plum, peach, See. Pomum, a 
elofe pulpy pericarpium, covered by a continued thin mem¬ 
brane, and without valves, but containing a capfula; as- 
the apple, pear, Sc c. Bacca, a berry, a full pulpy pericar¬ 
pium, without valves, in which the leeds are naked, hav¬ 
ing no other covering, as the goofeberry. Strobilus, or 
cone, a pericarpium formed from an amentum ; as the 
cone of the pine or fir-tree. 
The variation of the pericarpium, in refpedft to external 
divifions, is either unicapfular, conftfting of one capfule, as 
in campion; bicapfular, of two, as in peony, and fwallow- 
wort; tricapfular, of three, as in white hellebore, and lark- 
fpur; quadricapjular, of four, as in rofe-root; quinquecap- 
fular, of five, as in columbine ; or multicapfular, of many, 
as in marfli marigold, globe-ranunculus, and black helle¬ 
bore. The fruit, in refpect to the loculaments, or internal 
divifions of the pericarpium, is either unilocular , of one 
cell, as in chickweed, and primrofe ; bilocular , of two, as 
ANY. 
in henbane, muftard, and cardinal-flower ; trilocular, of 
three, as in the lily, and fpurge ; quadrilocular, of four, 
as in tree-primrofe, and fpindle-tree; quinquclocular, of five, 
as in winter-green, and the yellow fide-faddle flower; Jex- 
Jocular, of fix, as in afarabacca, and birthwort; oElolocular , 
of eight, as in rhodiola, or rofe-root; dccemlocular, of ten, 
as in flax ; or multilocular, of many, as in water lily. 
The pericarpium, in refpeft to the number of its valves 
or outer inclofures, is either bivalve, of two, as in celan¬ 
dine, and cabbage ; trivalve, of three, as in violet, and 
Greek valerian; quadrivalve, of four, as in bafe Virginian 
loofeftrife, and primrofe-tree ; or quinquevalve, of five, as 
in w'ater-violet. The difiepiments are either parallel to the 
valves, as in moon-wort, and whitlow-grafs; or placed the 
contrary way, as in buckler-muftard, and treacle-muftard. 
The pericarpium alio varies in being turbinate, narrowing 
like a cone, as in the pyrus, or pear; inflate, puffed, as in 
heart-pea, and common bladder fenna; membranaceous, com- 
pofed of thin membranes, as in the elm-tree; triquetrous, 
tetragonous, pentagonous, of three, four, or five, tides, as in 
Averrhoea, bean caper, &c. or articulate, jointed, as in, 
bird’s-foot, French honeyfuckle, and hypecoum. 
The opening of the pericarpium for difeharging the 
feeds when the fruit is ripe, is either at the apex, which 
may be quadridentate, ftp lit into four fegments, as in the 
pink and carnation ; quinquedenlate, into five, as in alfine, 
and garden balfam ; or decemdentate, into ten, as in moufe- 
ear chickweed ; opening at the bale, trifarium , into three 
parts, as in arrow-headed grafs, and bell-flower; or quin que- 
farium, into five parts, as in marfli ciftus; at the angles or 
corners, longitudinally, or lengthways, as in wood-forrel, 
and butterfly-flower; through a pore, or hole, as in bell¬ 
flower; or horizontally, acrofs the middle, as in pimper¬ 
nel, plantain, amaranth, and purllane. All fruit that is in 
articulated or jointed pods, opens at every one of the joints, 
each of which is monofpermous, or (ingle feeded. The 
ejection of the feeds is fometimes elaftic, the pod burfting 
with a fpring, as in fpriiig gourd, balfam-apple, lady’s- 
fmock, fea-ftde laurel, fpurge, palma Clirifti, and gar¬ 
den balfam. 
The pericarpium is generally flint; but in mignionette, 
and bafe hemp, it is always open. In the grafs of Par- 
naflus it gapes at the time of flowering, and clofes after¬ 
wards. That the pericarpia are ever found one within ano¬ 
ther, the greater containing the fmaller ones, Linnaeus re- 
fufes to admit ; for, although there is the appearance of 
fuch a Angularity in the laurel-leaved tulip-tree, uvaria, 
and Michaelia, lie thinks the outer pericarpium is in fuGh 
cafes to be looked upon only as a common receptacle. In 
the preceding plate, fig. 43. reprelents a capfule and fection 
of the fame, ovate, bilocular, divided at the apex, and 
furrounded with the calyx ; the lobelia, or cardinal flower. 
44. A capfule, and feiftion of the fame, fcabrous on the 
outfide, quinquclocular, quinquevalvular ; the piftillum re¬ 
tained to fhew the fhield-lhaped ftigma; a, the ftyle, cy¬ 
lindrical; b, the ftigma, quinquangular, reflex ; the yellow 
fide-faddle flower. 45. A capfule, unilocular, quinque¬ 
valvular, burfting with an elaftic force to difeharge the 
feeds, the apices of the valves afterwards rolling up into a 
fpira) ; the garden balfam. Examples of the other kinds 
of pericarpia will be figured in the enfuing Botanical 
Plates. 
The SEMINA, or SEEDS. 
The feed, or fruit, according to the definition of Lin¬ 
naeus, is a deciduous part of the vegetable, and the rudi¬ 
ment of a new one, quickened for vegetation by the irri¬ 
gation of the patent plant. Its diftiniftions are as follow : 
A seed, properly fo called, is a elofe deftiy fubflance, en¬ 
veloped with a firm (kin, coat, or tunic. Its principal con- 
ftituent parts are, 1. Corculum, the eftence or primordium 
of the new plant, attached to, or involved in,, the cotyle¬ 
don or feed-lobes, in the form of a pin’s head, or little 
heart. 2. Plumula, the afeending or feathery part of the 
corculum, from whence the feed-leaves proceed. 3. Rofl- 
tellum, the defeending part of the corculum, that forms the 
3 root. 
t 
