252 B O T 
From thefe data, the following principles are deducible : 
i. That every vegetable is furnithed with flower and fruit, 
there being no fpecies where thefe are wanting. 2. That 
there is no fructification without anthera, ftigma, and feed. 
3. That the anthera and ftigma conftitute a flower, wlie- 
ther the covers are prefent or wanting. 4. That the feed 
conftitutes a fruit, whether there be a pericarpium or not. 
Thus much for the eflential parts of flowers; we fhall 
next confider their divifions. 
Complete flowers are either Ample, or aggregate. Sim¬ 
ple flowers differ from aggregate in this, that they have 
not any part of fructification common to many flowers, as 
is the cafe with aggregate. Flowers are called aggregate, 
when many fofculi, or florets, are by the mediation of fome 
part of the fructification common to them all, fo united, 
that no one of them can be taken out without deftroying 
the form of the whole, of which it made a part. The com¬ 
mon part in aggregate flowers is either the receptacle, or 
the calyx. A partial flower of the aggregate one is called 
Jlofculus , a floret. Aggregate flowers are primarily divi- 
fible into feven kinds, viz. 1. The Aggregate , properly 
fo called. 2. The Compound. 3. The Umbellate. 4. The 
Cymous. 5. The Amentaceous. 6. Th eGlumous. 7. The 
Spadiceous. All which we fhall explain. 
An aggregate flower, properly fo called, has a recepta¬ 
cle that is dilate , extended in breadth, the florets (landing 
on peduncles, or footftalks, as in fcabious, Brunia, Barre- 
lia, thrift, and laciniated teazel. 
A compound flower is an aggregate one comprehending 
many florets that are feflile, fquatted, or without pedun¬ 
cles, placed on a common receptacle that is entire, and ha¬ 
ving alfo a common perianthium, but furniflied with an¬ 
thers; that grow together in the form of a cylinder, as in 
dandelion, xerenthemum or eternal flower, the fun-flower, 
and marigold. The properties of a compound flower are, 
x. A common receptacle, enlarged and undivided. 2. A 
common perianthium, furrounding all the florets. 3. The 
florets monopetalous and feflile. 4. The anthera of each 
floret five in number, and growing together in a cylinder. 
5. A monofpermous germen under each of the florets.— 
Of thefe properties, the two luft are eflential to a compound 
flower; but there are fome whofe calyx contains only a 
Angle floret, as globe thiftle, bafe Egyptian elychrifum, 
corymbium, and wormwood.—Compound flowers are alfo 
of three kinds : Ligulate , when all the corollulae, or little 
florets, are plain, flat, fhaped like a narrow tongue, flrap, 
or fillet, and expanded towards the outer fide. Tubulous, 
when all the corollulae of the florets are tubulous, and 
nearly equal. Radiate, having rays, when the corollulae 
of the difk, or middle parts, are tubulous, and thofe of the 
circumference, or margin, of another form, as in marigold, 
and fun-flower; which variation affords three cafes, viz. 
when the corollulae of the circumference are either ligulate, 
as in milfoil ; tubulous, but unlike the tubulous florets 
of the difk, as in blue-bottle; or naked, as in wormwood, 
and cudweed. A compound flower confifls of many flo¬ 
rets, but rarely of a determinate number. A learner might 
ealily confound them with the double flowers, from the 
fimilarity of their appearance ; but by a little attention, 
and obferving that the florets which compofe the blolfoms 
of a compound flower are long, narrow, and very diffe¬ 
rently conftrnfled from the petals of double flowers, this 
difficulty will quickly be removed. 
An umbellate flower is an aggregate one, con filling of 
many florets placed (Ml a receptacle, on faftigiate pedun r 
cles that are all produced from the fame point. A fimple 
umbel is when .the receptacle is but once divided into pe¬ 
duncles ; a compound umbel is when all the common pe¬ 
duncles are fubdivided into umbellula: , or little umbels; an 
umbelllila is therefore a partial umbel. Umbellate flow¬ 
ers, properly l'o called, have the following properties : 
1. A common receptacle divided into peduncles in the 
manner above-mentioned, whether the umbel .produced be 
pjane, convex, or concave. 2. A germen under tfie corol- 
IitJa, 3. Five drftindt ftamina that are deciduous. 4, A 
ANY. 
bifid piffillum. 5. Two feeds joined at their fummits. A 
radiate umbel is when the marginal petals are larger than 
thofe of the difk, as in hart-wort of Crete, hafe parfley, 
coriander, biIhop’s-weed, and fome fpecies cf cow-parfnip ; 
an umbel may Vary alfo in having the flowers of the mar¬ 
gin differing in fex from thofe of the difk, as in black maf- 
terwort, bafe parfley, Artedia, water-drop-wort, and fliep- 
herd’s needle. The involucrum alfo varies, it being either to- 
traphyllous, of four leaves, as in water navel-wort, bafe ftone 
parfley, and cummin ; pentaphyllous, of five, as in hare’s 
ear, fhepherd’s needle, and Macedonian parfley ; heptaphyl- 
lous, of feven, as in lovage ; decaphyllous, of ten, as in ar¬ 
tedia : with the partial involucrum dimidiate, or going 
but half round, as in fool's parflqy, coriander, and fanicle; 
or caducous, falling off, as in fennel-giant, and cow-parfnip. 
A cymous flower is an aggregate one, of many florets, 
placed on a receptacle upon faftigiate peduncles, the pri¬ 
mary ones iffuing from the fame center as in an umbel; but 
the fecondary, or partial ones, lie difperfed, yet fo as that 
the flowers they fupport form an even furface; which cir- 
cumftance diftinguifhes the cyma from the umbel, as iu 
ferpent’s-tongue, fweet-william, and the pliant mealy-tree. 
An amentaceous aggregate flower has a filiform or thread- 
fhaped receptacle, along which are aifpofed amentaceous 
fquarmx or fcales, that form an amentum or catkin, as in 
lefler burdock, ambrofia, bafe feverfew, falfe jefuit’s bark 
tree, birch-tree, willow, black and white poplar tree, 
hazel-nut-tree, hornbeam-tree, walnut-tree, beech-tree, 
chefnut-tree, and fig-tree. 
A glumous aggregate flower has a filiform receptacle, the 
bafe of which is furnifhed with a common glume or hufk, 
as in broom-grafs, fefeue-grafs, vernal grafs, oats, reed, 
quaking grafs, meadow grafs, hair-grafs, dog’s-tail grafs a 
rope-grafs, &c. 
A fpadiceous aggregate flower is, when there is a recep¬ 
tacle common to many florets placed within a fpatha or 
(heath ; fuch a receptacle is called a fpadix, and is either 
branched, as in palms, or fimple: in this laft cafe the florets 
may be difpofed either all round it, as in feunk-weed, and 
dragon; on the lower part of it, as in cuckow-pint; or on 
one fide of it, as in zoftera, or grafs-wrack. Next to thefe 
are the double flowers. 
A flower is faid to be double , or luxuriant, when fome of 
the parts of fructification are augmented in number, and 
others thereby excluded. The luxuriancy is chiefly owing 
to the abundance of its nourifhment; the part multiplied 
is ufually the corolla, but fometimes the calyx alfo; and by 
this increafe of the covers, the eflential parts of fructifica¬ 
tion are deftroyed. Luxuriant flowers are divifible into, 
1 . Multiplicate , or multiplied, z. Pleni , or full. And, 
3. Proliferous, producing young : to which may be added, 
4. Mutilate, or fuch as are deficient in fome part, which 
ltand oppofed to the luxuriant ones. 
Flowers are faid to be multiplicate, when by the increafe 
of the corolla, only a part of the ftamina are excluded ; 
and this diftinguifhes them from the fores pleni, or full 
flowers, in which the multiplication of the corolla is fo 
great as to exclude them all. Multiplicate flowers are dif- 
tinguifhed into duplicate, triplicate, quadruplicate, &c. 
that is, having a double, treble, or quadruple, feries of 
rows, according to the number of the repetitions of the 
corolla. The polypetalous flowers are 1110ft fubjett to 
multiplication; the monopetalous are multiplied likewife, 
but it is very uncommon to meet with them full. A co¬ 
loured perianthium, though it may have the appearance 
of a repetition of the corolla, ought not to be confidered 
as fuch; for, though this appearance is in fome degree 
monftrous, it is no multiplication. 
A flower is faid to be plenus, full, when the corolla is 
fo far multiplied as to exclude all the ftamina, as was be¬ 
fore obferved. This plenitude is occafioned by the ftamina 
running into petals, with which the flower is fo crouded 
as frequently to choak the piftillum alfo. The parts ef- 
fentia’l to generation being thus deftroyed in full flowers, 
it is evident they muft be barren; wherefore no good feed 
is 
