2 S 6 B O T 
in (lance of this cafe given in the P kiltfophia Rqtanica of 
Linnaeus, is the berry-bearing heath; but in a note in the 
laft edition of the Genera Plantarnm, we are informed, that 
the hermaphrodite flowers which the author had once feon 
on a plant of this genus, could never afterwards be found 
again ; w.e have therefore changed that example for the 
ficus or fig-tree, the only other inltance left of this very re¬ 
markable cafe. 
It is the foregoing fpecific diftinCtions in the fexes of 
plants, that Linnaeus hath a (fumed as the foundation of 
his fyftematic arrangement. From, the number, figure, 
fituation, and conformity, of tbefe parts, he divides all 
the vegetable productions upon the furface of the globe, 
into Claffes, Orders, Genera, Species, and Varieties. The 
claffes are compounded of orders.; the orders are compofed 
of genera; the genera of fpecies; and the fpecies admit 
of many varieties. 'To give a familiar idea of this mode 
of claififiCation’, no comparifon can be more in point, than 
that which coniiders the vegetables upon the face of the 
earth, as analogous to its inhabitants ; thus, 
Vegetables referable the Inhabitants in general; 
Classes - referable the Nations ; 
Orders - - referable the Tribes ; 
Species - referable the Individuals ; 
Varieties are the fame Individuals differently apparelled. 
The characters of the ClaJJ'es are taken either from the 
number, the length, the connection, or the fituation, of 
the (lamina, or male organ. The Orders are named chiefly 
from the number of the piftillura, or female parts, but in 
fome cafes from other circumftances of the fructification. 
The eJJ'ential characters or marks of the Genera, are taken 
from fome particulars in the flower, by which they can be 
conflantly known and diftinguifhed. The Species are gene¬ 
rally characterized from fome peculiarities in the Item or 
leaves; fometimes from certain parts of the flower ; but 
rarely from the roots. Varieties are fuch individual plants 
as differ but little from their fpecies ; and of which they 
always carry fome obvious mark, either in (hape, colour, 
talfe, or fmell. 
The number of claffes into which Linnaeus divides the 
whole vegetable kingdom, is twenty-four ; and each of 
thefe he fubdivides into a certain number of orders, as in 
the following (latement; where the figures at the begin¬ 
ning fiiew the number of each clafs, and refer to the cor- 
refponding figures in the Botanical Plate X. where a flower 
is delineated and appropriated to each refpe&ive clafs, 
(hewing its peculiar formation, or claffical character, viz. 
CLASSES and ORDERS, 
r. Monandria; having one (tamen in each flower, as 
fliewn at fig. i. in the plate.—Subdivided into two 
orders, viz. monogynia, and digynia. 
2. Diandria ; two (lamina in eacli flower, as at fig. 2.—• 
Subdivided into three orders; monogynia, digynia, 
and trigynia. 
3. Triandria; three. (Lunina in each flower, as at fig. 3. 
—Subdivided into.three orders; monogynia, digynia, 
and trigynia. 
4. Tetrandria ; four (lamina in-each flower, all of the 
fame height, as at fig. 4.—Subdivided into three or¬ 
ders ; monogynia, digynia, and trigynia. 
5. Pent anuria ; five ftarnina in each flower, the antherae 
not united, as at fig. 5.—Subdivided into fix orders; 
monogynia, digynia, trigynia, tetragynia, pentagynia, 
and polygynia. 
6 . Hexandria ; fix (lamina in each flower, all of the 
fame height, as at fig. 6.—^Subdivided into five or¬ 
ders; monogynia, digynia, trigynia, tetragynia, and 
polygynia. 
7.. Heptandria; /even (tamina.ineach flower, asatfig. 7. 
—Subdivided into four orders ; monogynia, digynia, 
trigynia, and tetragynia. 
>%. Octandria ; eight (lamina in each flower, as at fig. 8. 
—Subdivided into four orders; monogynia, digynia, 
trigynia, and' tetragynia^ 
ANY. 
9. ENNEAJf pRfA ; nine- (Lunina in each flower, as at fig. 9. 
—Subdivided into three orders ; monogynia, trigynia, 
and hexagypia. 
10. Decandria; ten (lamina in each flower, as at fig. 19. 
—-Subdivided into five orders ; mq.nogyaia, digynia, 
trigynia, pentagynia, and decagynia;. 
11. Do d eg an DR14 ; from twelve to nineteen (lamina in 
each flower, as at fig. u.—Subdivided into five or¬ 
ders ; monogynia, digynia, trigynia, pentagynia, and 
dodecagynia. 
12. Icos-andria ; twelve (lamina or upwards, fixed to tlje 
calyx or petals, as at fig. 12.—Subdivided into five 
orders ; monogynia, digynia, trigynia, pentagyni?, 
and polygynia. 
13. Polyandria ; twenty, (lamina and upwards, 3s at 
fig. 13-— Subdivided into feven orders; monogynia, 
digynia, trigynia, tetragynia, pentagynia, hex-agynia, 
and Polygynia. 
14. Didynamia ; four (lamina, twq long, and two Jhort, 
as at- fig. 14.— Subdivided into two orders,; gymuq- 
fpermla, and angiofpermia. 
ij. 1 etrady.namia ; fix (lamina, four long) and two 
Jhort, as at fig. 15.—Subdivided into, two orders; filj- 
culofa, and (iliquoia, 
ifi. Mb^ADELfHia ; ip.which clafs ajl the filaments pf 
the antherae are. united, as at fig. 16. —Subdivided 
ipto eight orders,; triandria, pentandria,, oCtandri?, 
enneqpdriji, decandria, endecandria, dodecandria, an.d 
polyandria. 
;7- Diadelphia ; the filaments of the antherae united in 
one or two fets, as at fig. 17. —Subdivided into four or¬ 
ders pentandp?, hexandria, oClandria, and decandria. 
18. Polyadelphia ; the filaments united in three er 
more fets, as at fig. 18.—Subdivided into three or¬ 
ders ; pentandria, icofandria, and polyandria. 
19. Syng.iinesia ; five (lamina, diflinct at the bottorp, 
united at the top, as in fig. 19.—Subdivided ipto fix 
orders ; polygamia aequ f alis, polygamia fuperflua, po- 
lygamia fruftranea, polygamia nec.effaria, polygamia 
fegregata, and monogamia. 
20. Gynandria; the (lamina growing put of the. (lylf, 
or upon an elongated receptacle; 4s at fig. 20.-r-§ub- 
divided into eight orders; diandria, triandria, tetran¬ 
dria, pentandria, hexandria, decandria, dodecandria, 
and polyandria. 
21. Monqecia ; the (lamina and piflillum feparated, and 
placet^ in two diftinCt flowers, as at fig. 21. —Sub¬ 
divided into eleven orders; monandria, diandria, tri¬ 
andria, tetrandria, pentandria, hexandria, heptandria, 
polyandria, monodelphia, fyngenefia, and gynandria. 
22. Dioecia ; the (lamina and piflillum growing on fepa- 
rate roots or plants, as at fig. 22. —Subdivided into 
fourteen orders; monandria, diandria, triandria, tq- 
trandria, pentandria, hexandria, oflandria, enneandria, 
decandria, dodecandria, polyandria, monadelphia, fyn¬ 
genefia, and gynandria. 
23. Polygamia ; the (lamina and piflillum are both con¬ 
joined, and alfo feparate, on the fame , or on different 
roots; as at fig. 23.—Subdivided into three orders; 
monoecia, dioecia, and trioecia. 
24. Cryptogamia ; the framens and flowers are wholly 
inconfpicuous. This clafs is lubdivided into four or¬ 
ders, viz. Alices, mufei, algae, fungi. The characters 
of a male and female flower from the order mufei , is 
exhibited at fig. 24. as they appear through a very 
flrong magnifier; a, the male; b, the female; it is 
the bryum extindorium. To which Linnaeus adds, 
as an Appendix, the Palmae, or order of Palms .— 
We now proceed to 
An Explanation of the Classes and Orders. 
Monandria, is a term compounded of the Greek 
itzor©-, wnicus, one, and asn)^, maritus, a hufband, or male; 
fo that Linnaeus intended to exprefs by this title, that all 
the flowers in the clafs monandria, have bu.t one male.or¬ 
gan. 
