264 ' B O T 
fication and ple'jtfure it affords in the diffeflion of flowers, 
by expo,ling the beautiful fabric of the minuted parts of 
the fructification. A great many of our delineations in 
the following examples, could not have been accompliflied 
without the aid of the microfcope —The genera belonging 
to this clafs, are divided into two orders, viz. 
Order 1. Monogynia, or fuch plantsas have but one 
piftillum, Of thefe there are thirteen genera, diftinguifhed 
into, x. Trilocular, fuch as have the pericarpium divided 
into three lo.cnlaments': of which there are eleven, viz. 
Canna, Indian flowering-reed; Amontum, ginger; Coi¬ 
tus; Alpinia ; Maranta, Indian arrow-root; Curcuma, 
turmeric ; Kaempferia ; Thalia ; Myrolina ; and Rene- 
almia. 2. Monofpermous, fuch as have a (ingle feed : of 
which;there are three, viz. Boerhavia, hog-weed; Sali- 
Tornia, jointed glafs-wort ; and Hippuris, mare’s tail. 
Order 2. Digynia, comprehending fuch plants as have 
two piltilla. This order contains five genera, viz. Cori- 
fpermum, tick-feed; Callitriche, liar-headed water chick- 
weed ; Blirurn, firawberry-blite ; Cinna ; and Mniarum. 
The genus cinna , in this order, being found to vary with 
one, two, and three, fiamens, has given occalion to its being 
lately afi'ociqted with the agro,(tides, in theclafs Triandria. 
See the article Cinna, in vol.iv. of this work. 
Jl feems necelliiry in this place, for die purpofes of in- 
ftruCIion, to give Come general outline, whereby the young 
botanill: may be guided in fit If attempting the inveftigation 
of plants. Accordingly, when a flower is cliofen for exa¬ 
mination, the fird thing to be determined is the clafs to 
which it belongs. This is to be done by afeertaining the 
number of its fiamens, according to the preceding table of 
the dalles. Should there be a difficulty in afeertaining the 
number of the fiamens, on account of the number appear¬ 
ing different in different flowers, though belonging to the 
fame plant, it is advifable to examine one or more of the 
flowers which are yet unopened, for the antherae are in 
that (late more di Hindi, and we may be certain that none 
of them have been loll. It is bed not to truft to the exa¬ 
mination of one flower only; for we fhall fometimes find 
the number of fiamens to be really different, in different 
flowers upon the fame plant ; but in that cafe the claflic 
character inu.fi be taken from the primary or terminating 
flower, as before directed, Having determined the clafs, 
we are next to fee how many orders the clafs conlifis of; 
and, alter obferving the circumftances of the piftillum, or 
other characters by which the orders are determined, we 
mull compare thefe w ith the plant before us, and we (hall 
readily difeover the clafs and order to which it fyftemati- 
cally belongs. Doubtful matters may fometimes arile ; 
but thefe will foon be made clear by a little practice, and 
attentive obfervation. In confulting the generic deferip- 
tions, the learner (hould pay particular attention to the 
ftruCture of the piftillum, and particularly to that of its 
germen, when it begins to ripen into a pericarpium; be- 
caufe thefe parts being mod elfential to the continuation" 
of the fpecies, they are lefs liable to variation than tire 
other lefs important parts. The young ftudent ought to 
pradtife the inveftigation of genera only, for fome time be¬ 
fore he attempts to afeertain a fpecies; and when by this 
means he has acquired a pretty accurate knowledge of dalles 
and orders ; alfo of the parts compollng a flower, and its 
fubfequent (late of fruit, or fruClification, and likewlfe of 
the terms employed in delcribing them, he may next pro¬ 
ceed to the dilcrimination of fpecies and varieties. 
Example for Investigation. 
Let it be required to deferibe fyftematically the genus 
blilum, or firawberry-blite, from the fecond order of the 
above clafs. The parts of fructification are very minute, 
they are therefore magnified, to (hew them diftinCtly. The 
young botanill having collected the fructification from the 
plant in its early , and mature, (fate, he is to diffeCt the parts, 
and lay them down in the following manner. Calyx: a 
pcrianth'unn tripartite, patent, permanent; fee Botanical 
Plate XI. fig. 1. the leginents ovate, equal; two of them 
ANY. 
having a wider opening between them, as at a, fig. 2. 
w here the (lamen is placed ; growing in dufters, as at fig. 3. 
Corolla, none. Stamen : the filament letaceous, lon¬ 
ger than the calyx, within the middle divilion, ereCt; the 
-aathera twin, or double, as at s, fig. 2. Pistillum: 
the germen ovate, as at g, acuminate; llyles two, ereCI, 
fpreading afunder; ftigmas fimple. Pericarpium: a 
.caplule, fig.4. very thin, or rather the lliell of the feed ; 
ovate, a little co'mprelfed, lodged within the calyx, which 
now alfumes the appearance of a berry, and all the duller 
relembling a wibod-(hawherry.- Seed : fingle, globular, 
comprefled, the lize of the capfule, as at fig. 5. See all 
the fpecies and particulars of this plant, under the article 
Blitum, p. 122, of this volume. 
CLASS II. DIANDRIA. 
The flowers of this clafs contain two (lamina only; and 
the fructification being fimple and obvious, prelents no 
difficulty to the learner. The genera are arranged under 
three orders, the bloifoms having either one, two, or 
three, pillilla. 
Order 1. Monogynia, comprehending fuch plants as 
have but one piftillum. This order contains thirty-three ge¬ 
nera, dillinguilhed into, 1. Such as have regular corollas, 
of which there are eleven, viz. Nydanthes, Arabian jef- 
fiamine; Jafminum, jeffamine; Liguftrum, privet; Phil- 
lyrea, mock privet; Olea, olive; Chionanthus, fnowdrop- 
tree, or fringe-tree; Syringa, lilac; Dialium; Eranthe- 
mum ; Circsea, enchanters’ nightlhade ; and Wulfenia. 
2. Such as have irregular corollas, and the fruit angiofper- 
mous, of which there are ten, viz. Veronica, fpeedwell ; 
P;ederota ; Jufticia, Malabar nut; Dianthera; Granola, 
hedge hylfop ; Schwenkia ; Pinguieula, butter-wort; Utri- 
cularia, water milfoil; Calceolaria; and Globba. 3. Such 
as have irregular corollas, and the fruit gymnolpermous ; 
of which there are twelve, viz. Verbena, vervain ; Lyco- 
pus, water horehound; Amethyftea ; Gunila ; Ziziphora, 
Syrian field-balil; Monarda, Ofvvego tea ; Rolmarinus, 
rofemary ; Salvia, fage; Collinfonia ; Morina; AnciltVum; 
and Thouinia. 
Order 2. Digynia, comprehending fuch plants as have 
two pillilla. This order contains but one genus, viz. An- 
thoxanthum, vernal grafs. 
Order 3. Trigynia, comprehending fuch plantsas 
have three pillilla. There is but one genus of this order, 
viz. Piper, pepper. 
Example for Investigation. 
We take from the third order of this clafs the plant 
Piper, or common black pepper; which having its fructi¬ 
fication very different from any of thofe we have before 
delineated, feems the belt calculated for examination in 
this place. Its parts are as follow: Calyx, fig. 6 . an 
imperfect fpatha ; the fpadix filiform, very fimple, covered 
with flowers; the perianthium, or cup, magnified at fig. 7. 
monophyllous, narrowing at each end, and lwelling in the 
middle; the mouth dentate, having three teeth, deciduous. 
Corolla : none, unlefs the calyx be taken for a corolla. 
Stamina, s, fig. 8 ; filaments none ; the antherse two, op- 
pofite, placed at the root of the germen, fubrotund. Pis¬ 
tillum, p, fig. 8 ; the germen, g , large, ovate; ftyles 
none ; ftigmas, three, fetaceous, or briftle-lhaped, riling 
out of the germen, at p. Pericarpium: a berry, car- 
nous, fubrotund, unilocular, many on a fpike, growing 
with very minute peduncles, as at fig. 9. which (hews the 
branch fig. 6 . in its matured or ripened Hate. Seed: fig. 10. 
folitary, fubglobous, wrinkled, furrounded with an arrillus; 
as (hewn at a, magnified ; b , a tranfverfe feCtion of the pe¬ 
ricarpium, to (hew the fingle feed. See the article Piper, 
in this work. 
CLASS III. TRIANDRIA. 
The plants in this clafs confift of thofe only whofe flow¬ 
ers are fnrnilhed with three (lamina ; and it comprehends 
the greater part of the grades, belides fome other vege¬ 
tables nearly allied to them. And although the flowers 
in 
