2 7 o B O T 
ceptacle, longer than the corolla, corning out through the 
corollaat different times; antherte twin, fubrotund. Pis¬ 
tillum, p ; the germen, g, fubrotund, triquetrous, pe- 
dicelled, or having a footflalk; dyles three, bifid; (tig- 
mas obtufe. PeRicarfium, fig. 13 ; acapfule, fubrotund, 
tricoccous, trilocular, darting open with an elaftic force. 
Seeds : folitary, i. e. one in each cell, fubrotund. For 
the numerous fpecies, and modes of cultivation, fee the 
article Euphorbia. 
CLASS XII. ICOSANDRIA. 
Although this is called the clafs of twenty damens, be- 
caufe the flowers arranged under it generally contain about 
that number ; yet the claffic character is not to be taken 
merely from the number of damens, but from a confide- 
ration of the foWowing circumdances, which will fufiici- 
ently didihguifh it both from the preceding and enduing 
clad’es. 1. Calyx confiding of one leaf, concave. 2. 
Petals fixed by claws to the infideof the calyx. 3. Sta¬ 
mens more than nineteen ; handing upon the petals, or 
upon the calyx; but not upon the receptacle. Some few 
botanids have lately abolidied this clafs, and removed the 
genera into the next clafs, Polyandria ; but the method is 
not much followed. The orders, as arranged by Linnaeus, 
are as follow : 
Order 1. Monogynia, comprehending fuch plants as 
have but one pidillum. This order contains eleven ge¬ 
nera, viz. Cadhis, melon-thidle ; Eugenia, pomey-role; 
Philadelphia, fyringa, or mock orange ; Plidium, gua¬ 
va, or bay-plum ; Myrtus, myrtle ; Punica, pomegra¬ 
nate ; Amygdalus, almond-tree; Primus, plum-tree; Pli- 
nia ; Chryfobalanus, cocoa-plum ; and Sonneratia. 
Order 2. Digynia, comprehending fuch plants as have 
two pidilla. Of this order there is but one genus, viz. 
Crataegus,’ wfild fervice-tree. 
Order 3. Trigynia, comprehending fuch plants as 
have three pidilla. This order contains two genera, viz. 
Sorbus, fervice-tree; and.Sefuvium. 
Order 4. Pentagynia, comprehending fuch plants 
as have five pidilla. This order contains fix genera, viz. 
Mefpilus, medlar ; Pyrus, pear; Tetragonia ; Mefembry- 
anthemum, fig-marygold; Aizoon ; and Spiriea, fpiked 
willow, or drop-wort. 
Order 5. Polygynia, comprehending fuch plants as 
have many pidilla. This order contains nine genera, viz. 
Rofa, rofe ; Rubus, rafpberry, or drawberry; Fragaria, 
ftrawberry; Potentilla, cinquefoil; Tormentilla, tormentil; 
Geum, avens, or herb bennet; Dryas; Comarum, marfh 
cinquefoil; and Calycanthus, Virginian allfpice. 
Example for Investigation. 
The plant we have now before us is the Rubus, or com¬ 
mon bramble ; eafy to examine, becaufe every where to 
be found ; the parts of frudlification are alfo very obvious 
and driking : it is the wild rafpberry, ranking in the fifth 
order of this clafs. Calyx, fig. 14; a perianthiura mo- 
nophyllous, quinquepartite, the leafits oblong, acuminate, 
patent, permanent. Corolla, fig. 15 ; the petals five, 
fubrotund, length of the calyx, patent, inferted in the ca¬ 
lyx. Stamina, a large cinder, marked j; filaments ma¬ 
ny, (horter than the corolla, inferted in the calyx ; antheras 
fubrotund, compreffed. Pistillum, p ; the germens 
numerous ; dyles filiform, coming out of the (ides of the 
germens ; digmas limple. Pericarpium, fig. 16 ; com- 
pofed of little berries, united in a convex head, concave 
underneath; each berry, or acinus, unilocular; a, the re¬ 
ceptacle of the fruit. Seeds, b, Angle, oblong. Seethe 
article Rubus. 
CLASS XIII. POLYANDRIA. 
The flowers of this clafs have, as its title implies, many 
ftamens, from twenty to a tfloufand, perhaps fometimes 
more; fo that it is unneceffary to attempt to count them, 
further than to be fatisfied that they amount to twenty or 
upwards. The dtuation of the flarnina, as handing upon 
the receptacle, is fufficient to diftinguilh it from the preced- 
A N Y. 
ing clafs, in which they do not Hand upon the receptacle, 
but either upon the Tides of the calyx, or elfe upon the 
petals. A regard to this circnrndance in this clafs, will be 
a fttrer guide to the young botanid, than an attention mere¬ 
ly to the number of damina. If the eye does not at once 
determine the exact dtuation of the damens, carefully and 
dowly pull off the petals, and the fegments of the calyx ; 
if the damens afterwards remain fixed in their place, they 
may then be confidered as growing upon the receptacle. 
Mod of-the plants in this clafs are noxious and unwhole- 
fome. They are divided into the feven orders following : 
Order 1. Monogynia, comprehending fuch plants as 
have but one pidillum. This order contains forty-two ge¬ 
nera, didinguifhed into, 1. Such as have fcarcely any dy!e, 
of which there are thirteen, viz. Marcgravia ; Rheedia; 
Capparis, caper-budi; Adlua, herb Chridopher ; Sangui- 
naria, puccoon, or blood-root ; Podophyllum, duck’s- 
foot, or May-apple; Chelidonium, celandine; Papaver, 
poppy; Argemone, prickly-poppy; Muntingia; Cam- 
bogia; Sarracenia, fide-faddle flower; and Nymphasa, 
water-lily. 2. Such as have a ftyle of fome length, of 
which there are twenty-nine, viz. Bixa, anotta; Sloanea, 
apeiba of the Brazils; Matnmea, mammee-tree ; Ochna ; 
Calophyllum; Grias; Tilia, lime-tree; Laetia ; Elaso- 
carpus; Lecythis ; Vateria ; Lagerdroemia; Thea, tea- 
tree; Caryophillus, clove-tree ; Mentzelia; Delima; Cif- 
tus, rock-rofe; Prockia; Corchorus, Jew’s mallow; Se- 
guieria ; Loofa ; Trewia; Trilix ; Aldonia ; Cleyera; 
Sparrmannia ; Terndroemia ; Bonnetia ; and Vallea. 
Order 2. Dig y'nia, comprehending fuch plants as have 
two pidilla. This order contains four genera, viz. Paeonia, 
peony; Calligonum; Curatella; and Fothergilla. 
Order 3. Trigynia, comprehending fuch plants as 
have three pidilla. This order contains two genera, viz?. 
Delphinium, larkfpur; and Aconittim, wolf’s-bane. 
Order 4. Tetracynia, comprehending fuch plants 
as have four pidilla. This order contains three genera, 
viz. Tetracera ; Caryocar ; and Cimicifuga. 
Order 5. Pentagynia, comprehending fuch plants 
as have five pidilla. This order contains four genera, viz. 
Aquilegia, columbine ; Nigella, fennel-flower, of devil 
in a bulh ; Reaumuria ; and Brathys. This laft plant, 
Brathys, being now conddered as a fpecies of Hypericum, 
is removed under that genus, in the clafs Polyadelphia. 
Order 6. Hexagynia, comprehending fuch plants as 
have fix pidilla. This order contains but one genus, viz-. 
Stratiotes, water-foldier. 
Order 7. Polygynia, comprehending fuch plants as 
have many pidilla. This order contains twenty.one gene¬ 
ra, viz. Dillenia; Liriodendron, tulip-tree; Magnolia-, 
laurel-leaved tulip-tree; Michelia ; Uvaria ; Annona, 
Citdard-apple; Anemone, wind-flower; Atragene; Cle¬ 
matis, virgin’s bower ; Thaliftrum, meadow-rue ; Ado¬ 
nis, pheafant’s-eye ; lllicium, annifeed-tree ; Ranunculus, 
crowfoot; Trollius, globe ranunculus; Ifopyrum ; He]’- 
leborus, black hellebore ; Caltha, marfli marigold ; Hy- 
dradis, yellow root; Houttuynia; Unona; and Wintera, 
winter’s bark. 
Example for Investigation. 
For the further illudration of this clafs, we have deleft- 
ed the plant Aquilegia, or columbine, which belongs to 
the fifth order. It has a place in mod gardens, and is 
therefore eafy to invedigate. Calyx, none. Corolla,. 
marked a, fig. 17; the petals five, lanceolate-ovate, plain, 
patent, equal. Nectarium, marked n\ confiding of five 
interior florets, placed alternately with the petals, horned, 
or terminating downwards in a hollow claw, all united in¬ 
wardly to the receptacle ; growing gradually wider up¬ 
wards, with an oblique month, obtufe at the top. Fig. 18, 
fhevvs one of the nedfaries didinct, taken out of the flower. 
Stamina, marked 5; the filaments many, from thirty to 
forty, Tubulate, the outer ones Ihorter ; antbene oblong, 
eredl, the height of the nedtaries. Pistillum, p ; the 
germens, g, five, ovate-oblong, terminating in Tubulate 
&yies 3 
