2g2 HOT 
bafisof a mode of arrangement; yet all are not equally 
proper for this purpofe. Rivinus made ufe of the petal? 
as the larged and mod beautiful part, and that from which 
the flower itfelf is commonly characterized. His method 
conflds of the following eighteen dalles, which have for 
their bads the perfection and difpodtion of the flowers, and 
the regularity and number of the petals, i. Regular mo- 
nopetalous, or having one petal. 2. Dipetalous. 3. Tri- 
petalous. 4. Tetrapetalous. 5. Pentapetalous. 6. Hexa- 
petalous. 7. Polypetalous, or having many petals, 8. Ir¬ 
regular monopetalous. 9. Irregular dipetalous. 10. Ir¬ 
regular tripetalous. 11. Irregular tetrapetalous- 12. Ir¬ 
regular pentapetalous. 13. Irregular hexapetalous. 14. 
Irregular polypetalous. 15. Compound flowers of regu¬ 
lar florets. 16. Compound flowers of regular and irre¬ 
gular florets. 17. Compound flowers of irregular florets 
only. 18. Incomplete, or imperfect plants. 
As Rivinus let out with the profefled defign of impart¬ 
ing facility to botany, he judged very properly in divefl¬ 
ing his method of all extraneous matter, and rendering it 
as Ample and uniform as the nature of the fcience would 
admit. The didindtion into herbs and trees had been 
adopted by every writer on plants (ince the time of Arif- 
totle. Rendered in fome meafure facrcd by its antiquity, 
this didinCtion maintained a kind of importance to which 
it was by no means intitied. Rivinus was the firfl who in 
this matter dared to think for himfelf. He was early fen- 
flble of the inconveniences to which thofe had fubmitted 
who employed it as a primary divifion ; and therefore re- 
folved at once to get rid of a diftindion that infrequently 
uncertain, always deftrudive to uniformity, andin its na¬ 
ture repugnant to the genuine fpirit of 1'yflem, becaufe to¬ 
tally unconnected with the parts of .fructification. In the 
uniformity of its orders or fecondarv divifions, which are 
ninety-one in number, and acknowledge the fruit for their 
principle, Rivinus’s method equals, perhaps excels, all 
that went before it. Only three dalles of his method were 
publifhed by Rivinus himfelf. Thefe were the eleventh, 
fourteenth, and fifteenth, which were offered to the pub¬ 
lic at different times, illudrated with very fplendid figures. 
The method was completed and publiflied entire by Heu- 
cher, in a workdntitled Hortus Wirtenbergenfis, printed 
in quarto at Wirtenberg, in 1711. 
Several German authors have followed Rivinus’s me¬ 
thod, either wholly or in part, without offering any con- 
dderable amendment. The principal of thefe are, Koenig, 
in a work on vegetables, publifhed at Bal'd, in 1696 ; 
Welfch, in his Balis Botanica, printed at Leiplic, in 8vo, 
in 1697 ; Gemeinhart, in a catalogue of plants publiflied 
in 172;; Kramer, in a work intitled Tentamen Botanicum, 
publiflied at Drefden in 1728, and afterwards reprinted, 
with additions, at Vienna, in 1744; and Flecker, in a 
Differtation on Botany, publiflied at Halle, in Saxony, in 
1734. To thefe may be added Hebenflreit, an ingenious 
botanift, who, in a Treatife on Plants publiflied at Leipdc 
in 1731, jufl before his famous African expedition, efta- 
blifhed generical characters, which had hitherto been 
wanting in Rivinus’s method. 
The writers who have attempted to improve upon Ri¬ 
vinus’s fyftem, are Bernard Ruppius, Chriflopher Ludwig, 
andCtiriflian Knaut. Ruppius, in his Flora Jenenfis, pub¬ 
liflied at Francfort in 1718, has arranged the 1200 plants 
there defcribed, by a method partly Rivinus’s and partly 
his own. It condfls of feventeen clades, and fets out with 
the fame divifions and fubdivifions as that of Rivinus’s; 
with this difference, that whereas in Rivinus’s method all 
perfeCl flowers are divided into Ample and compound, in 
Ruppius the divifion of regular and irregular flowers pre¬ 
cedes that juft mentioned, and limple and compound flow¬ 
ers are made fubdivifions of the regular flowers only. 
Chriflopher Ludwig’s method, which was publiflied in 
1737, and conlifts of twenty clalfes, differs but little from 
that of Rivinus. The author accompanied Hebenflreit on 
his expedition into Africa, and feems to have made plants 
his favourite ftudy. The improvement, however, which 
A N V. 
he has made on Rivinus’s plan, condfis only in rendering 
it more univerfal, having enriched it with a multitude of 
genera colleCk-d from the works of Tournefort, Ray, Boer- 
liaave, Dillenius, and other eminent botanifts, whole gene¬ 
rical characters he lias likewife adopted. His plan of ar¬ 
rangement has been followed by two fucceeding writers ; 
M. Wedel, in a botanical eflay, publiflied in 1747; and 
three years after by M. Boehmer, in his catalogue of the 
plants in the garden of Leipdc. 
The fyftem of Ohriftian Knaut is much more properly 
his own, and departs in a much greater degree from that 
of Rivinus than either of the two former. The regularity 
and number of the petals furniflied theclaflical dividons in 
Rivinus’s method : in that of Knaut, number takes place 
of regularity ; fo that it is very properly termed by Lin- 
n xus; “ The fyftem of Rivinus inverted.” This method 
was publifhed in 1716; and fets out with a dividon into 
flowers which have one petal, and Inch as have more than 
one. It condfls of the feventeen following clalfes : i. Mo¬ 
nopetalous uniform or regular. 2. Monopetalous difform 
or irregular. 3. Monopetalous compound uniform or re¬ 
gular. 4. Monopetalous compound dilform or irregular. 
5. Monopetalous compound uniform and difform together. 
6. Dipetalous uniform or regular. 7. Dipetalous difform 
or irregular. 8. Tripetalous uniform or regular. 9. Tri¬ 
petalous difform or irregular. 10. Tetrapetalous uniform or 
regular. 11. Tetrapetalous dift'orm or irregular. 12. Pen¬ 
tapetalous uniform or regular. 13. Pentapetalous difform 
or irregular. 14. Hexapetalous uniform or regular. 15. 
Hexapetalous difform or irregular. 16. Polypetalous uni¬ 
form or regular. 17. Polypetalous difform or irregular. 
The I'eC'tions or lecondary divifions-in Knaut’s. methoc} 
are 121, and depend upon the internal divifions of the 
fruit; and upon this his dividons are fomewhat Angular. 
Every kind of fruit, whether pulpy or membranaceous, is 
termed by this author a capfule. Neither is the term re- 
ftrifted to fruits properly fo called : it is extended alfo to 
thofe termed by botanifts naked feeds, the exiftence of 
which Knaut abfolutely denies. Agreeably to this opi¬ 
nion, capfules, he fays, with refpeCt to their confidence or 
fubftance, are of two forts; pulpy, or membranaceous. 
The former correfpond to the fruits of the apple, berry, 
and cherry, kind ; the latter to the capfules properly fo 
called, and naked feeds of other botanifts. Again, with 
refpeCt to their cells or internal divifions, capfules are ei¬ 
ther Ample or compound. Simple capfules have an un¬ 
divided cavity or a Angle cell ; compound capfules are in¬ 
ternally divided into two or more cells. With other bo- 
ta-nifls, the umbelliferous flowers bear two, the lip flow¬ 
ers four, naked feeds; according to Knaut, the former 
produce two, the latter four, Ample capfules. Ranuncu¬ 
lus, adonis, anemony, herb-hennet, and fome other plants, 
have their flowers fucceeded by a number of naked feeds 
collected into an aggregate or head; each of thefe feeds 
pafles with Knaut for a Ample capfule; fo that the whole 
is an aggregate o f feveral capfules with an undivided ca¬ 
vity or Angle cell’. In numbering the cells or internal di- 
viAons of the pulpy fruits, he has adopted a very Angular 
method. Some fruits of the apple kind inclofe a capfule 
that is divided into five membranaceous cells. It might 
then be very reafonably expected to find fuch fruits ar¬ 
ranged with compound capfules of five cells : but, inftead 
of this, the author whimfically enough combines in their 
arrangement the idea both of a fimple and compound cap¬ 
fule. The pulpy part is undivided ; in other words, it is 
a fimple capfule furniflied with one cell ; the compound 
capfule inclofed contains five cells, which added to that 
of the pulp make the number fix ; and thus thefe kinds of 
fruits are arranged with thofe having capfules of fix cells. 
By the fame kind of reafoning, the fruit of the dogwood, 
which is of the cherry kind, and contains a done with two 
cells or cavities, is placed by Knaut among compound cap¬ 
fules witli three cells; the pulp palling for one divifion, 
and the cavities of the done or nut for the remaining tw>o. 
This method of calculation is not the only Angularity for 
which 
