B O T 
■wliidi Knaut is remarkable. The eflencd of .the flower is 
made by Ray, Tournefort, Riviaus, and mod other bo- 
tanifts, to confifr in the (lamina and Ttyle. This pofition 
fCnaut abfohitely denies ; and lias eftablifhed for a princi¬ 
ple, that the flpwer is eflentially : conftituted by the petals 
only. With hint, the flower-cup, (lamina, and ftyle, are 
of little account: their prefence does not couftitnte a flow¬ 
er, if the petals are wanting 5 neither is theip abfence fuf- 
ficient to deftroy its exiftence, if the petals are prefent. 
From this it follows, 1. That there can be no ttovvers with¬ 
out petals : and, 2. That the regularity or irregularity of 
the flower can never depend on the (lamina and flyle, which 
are only occaflonally prefent, and no wife elfential to its 
exiftence ; both of which politions are evidently falfe to 
every botanical reader. 
§ince the time of Rivinus, no leading method in botany 
lias appeared, except that of Tournefort, which immedi¬ 
ately preceded the fyftem of Linnaeus. Tournefort fets 
out with reviving the diftinftion of plants into herbs and 
trees, which had been exploded by Rivinus. His fyftem 
is founded on the regularity and figure of the petals, to¬ 
gether with the two-fold fituation of the receptacle of the 
flowers ; his orders, on the piftillum or calyx. The claffes 
are, 1. Herbs with fimple flowers monopetalous, and bell- 
fliaped. 2. Simple flowers monopetalous, tunnel and 
wheel-fhaped. 3. Simple flowers monopetalous, labiated 
or lipped. 4. Simple flowers monopetalous, anomalous 
or irregular. 5. Simple flowers monopetalous, cruciform 
or crofs-fliaped. 6. Simple flowers polypetalous, and ro- 
faceous or like a rofe. 7. Simple flowers polypetalous, 
umbellated. . 8. Simple flowers polypetalous, caryophyl- 
laceous or clove-form. 9. Simple flowers polypetalous, 
liliaceous or lily-form. 10. Simple flowers polypetalous, 
papilionaceous or butterfly-form. 11. Simple flowers po¬ 
lypetalous, anomalous or irregular. 12. Compound flow¬ 
ers, flofculous, tubular or whole florets. 13. Compound 
flowers feiniflofculous, flat, or half florets. 14. Com¬ 
pound flowers radiated, like the fpokes of a wheel. 15. 
Apetalous, having no petals. 16. No flower, but bear¬ 
ing feed. 17. No flower nor feed, in the vulgar eftimation. 
18. Trees with no petals, but bare (lamina. 19. Trees 
with no petals bearing catkins. 20. Trees monopetalous. 
21. Trees rofaceous. 22. Trees papilionaceous. The 
fecondary divifions in Tournefort’s method, which are 122 
in number, have obtained the name of J'ettions. Their ge¬ 
neral diftinCtions are founded principally upon the fruit, 
as thofe of the claffes are upon the flower. 
Tournefort’s fyftem hath been adopted by a vaft number 
of botanical writers, of whom the mod conflderable are, 
Dr. William Sherard, who in 1689, publilhed the firft 
(ketch of Tournefort’s method, under the title of S.chola 
Botanices; or a catalogue of the plants deinonftrated by 
Dr. Tournefort, in the royal garden at Paris. It was not 
till five years after, that the Elementa Botanica, a work which 
contains the rudiments and illuftration of his method, was 
publiftied by Tournefort himfelf. Father Plunder, termed 
by way of eminence the Tournefort of America, publiflied 
in 1703, at Paris, a defcription.of American plants, which 
lie arranged according to the fyftem of Tournefort.— 
In this work he accurately characterized ninety-fix new 
'genera. Falugi, an Italian, has defcribed, in Latin verfe, 
all the genera of Tournefort, in a work intitled Profopo- 
pceise Botanicae, publiflied at Florence, 121110, 1705. Se¬ 
veral celebrated French academicians, particularly Mar- 
chant, Dodart, Niflole, Juflieu, and Vaillant, have oc- 
cafionally paid their tribute of acknowledgement to this 
author, from the year 1700 to 1740.' The other authors 
of note who have followed Tournefort’s method, are, M. 
Petit, an ingenious French botanift ; Johren, a German, 
author of a treatife publiflied at Colberg in 1710, int'itu- 
Ted Vade mecum Botanicum feu Odegus Botanicus; lute- 
' ille, in his defcription of the plants of Chili and Peru, 
publilhed at Paris in quarto, 1714; Chriftopher Valentin, 
a German, author of Tournefortius Contractus, publiftied 
at Francfort, in folio, 1715 : Ripa, an Italian, in a work 
yoL.m. No. 131. 
ANT. 295 
intitled Hiftoriae Univerfalis Plantarum Confcribendi Pro^ 
pofitum, publiflied in quarto, at Padua, in 1718 ; Michae 
Valentin, a German, in his Viridarium Reformatum, pub- 
lifhed in folio at Francfort, in 1719; the celebrated Dil- 
lenius, profelfor of botany at OxfonS, and author of leve- 
ral much-cfteemed publications on botany, particularly the 
Hortus Elthamenlis, and Hiftory of Modes, in his Flora 
Gilfenfis, printed at Francfort in 1719; Puntedera, an 
Italian, author of the delineation of a method which com¬ 
bines thofe of Tournefort and Rivinus, publiflied at Pa¬ 
dua, in his botanical difTertutions, in 1720; Monti, an Ita¬ 
lian, in a work publiflied at Bologna in 1724, under the 
title of Indices Plantarum Varii ; Lindem, a German, in 
his Tournefortius Alfaticus, firft publilhed in 1728; fig- 
nior Micheli, author of feveral curious difcoveries-relpeCt- 
ing modes and mufhrooms, in his Nova Genera Plantarum, 
publiflied in folio at Florence in 1729; Elvebemes, a Swede, 
in a work publiftied at Upfal in 1730 ; Fabricius, a Ger¬ 
man, author of a work intitled Primitiae Florae Butifba- 
cenfis, feu Sex Decades Plantarum Rariorum, publilhed in 
1743 ; Sadbati, an Italian,, in his catalogue of the plants 
that grow in the neighbourhood of Rome, printed at Rome 
in 1745 ; and the ingenious Dr. Charles Alllon, late pro- 
fellor of botany at Edinburgh, in his Tyrocinium Bota¬ 
nicum, publilhed at Edinburgh in 1753. 
Of all this numerous lift of writers, father Plunder and 
Pontedera alone have ventured to quit the track pointed 
out by Tournefort. The former, in his arrangement of 
American plants, has relinquiflied the diftinction into herbs 
and trees; but the latter has attempted more conflderable 
variations. His clafles are, 1. Uncertain. 2. Having no 
flowers. 3. Without buds, imperfect plants. 4. Ano¬ 
malous or irregular. 5. Labiated. 6. Bell-fliaped. 7. 
Saucer-fhaped. 8. Wheel-fhaped. 9. Tunnel-fhaped. 
10. Flofculous. 11. Semiflofculous. 12. Radiated. 13. 
Irregular. 14. Papilionaceous. 15. Liliaceous. i6.*Cary- 
ophillaceous. 17. Cruciform or crofs-lhaped. iS. Um¬ 
bellated. 19. Staminous, or with naked (lamina. 20. 
Bearing buds, apetalous, or without petals. 21. Bearing 
buds irregular. 22. Bearing buds bell-fliaped. 23. Bear¬ 
ing buds wheel-lhaped. 24. Bearing buds tunnel-fhaped. 
25. Bearing buds, papilionaceous. 26. Bearing buds, ro¬ 
faceous. 
Befides all thefe fyflems, there have been invented two 
others., founded upon the calyx. The firft of thefe was 
the invention of Peter Magnol, a celebrated profeflor of 
botany at Montpellier, and publiftied in 1720, five years 
after the author’s death. The other was delineated by 
■Linnaeus, and publiftied in his Claffes Plantarum in 1738, 
three years after the publication of the fexual fyllem. 
Magnol diftinguifhes two kinds of calyx ; one external, 
which invelopes and ftiftains the flower, and is the flower, 
cup properly fo called ; the other, internal, which is th« 
feed-velfel or fruit. According to this idea, all plants, 
whether herbaceous or woody, are furnifhed with either 
the external calyx only, or with both. His clafTes are, 
1. Herbs with the calyx external, including a flower un¬ 
known. 2. Calyx external, including a flower (faminous. 
3. Calyx external, including a flower monopetalous. 4. 
Calyx external, including a flower polypetalous. 5. Ca¬ 
lyx external, including a flower compound; 6. Calyx ex¬ 
ternal, fupporting a flower monopetalous. 7. Calyx ex¬ 
ternal, fupporting a flower polypetalous. 8. Calyx inter¬ 
nal only, which is the corolla. 9. Calyx external and in¬ 
ternal, flower monopetalous. 10. Calyx external and 
internal, flower with two and three petals. 11. Calyx 
external and internal, tetrapetalous. 12. Calyx external 
and internal, polypetalous. 13. Trees with the calyx ex¬ 
ternal only. 14. Calyx internal only. 13. Calyx exter¬ 
nal and internal both. 
The characters of the orders, or fecondary divifions, in 
Magnol’s method, are derived chiefly from the figure of 
the calyx,- petals, and feeds; from the difpofifion of the 
flowers, from the number of the petals, and f'ubft'ance of 
the fruit. Fifty-five lections or orders arife from the cora- 
4 F bination 
