the order, and broke oft' all connection with thofe of the 
communion. This-was in the month of November, 1726. 
He then, as lie fat s, “ conformed to the church of Eng¬ 
land, as free in her fervice from the idolatrous practices 
ami TuperftitionS df popery, and lefs inclined than many, 
others to fartaticifm and enthufiafm.” 
Bv Dr. Afpimvall’.s means he was introduced to all that 
gentleman’s friends and acquaintance ; and among others 
to Dr. Goodman, phyfician to George I. who recommend¬ 
ed him to lord Aylmer, who wanted a perfon to afiift him 
in reading the claftics. With this nobleman lie continued 
feveral years on terms of the greateft intimacy ; and was 
by him made known to all his lordfhip’s connections, and 
particularly to lord Lyttelton, who afterwards became his 
warm, Heady, and to the 1 add when deferted by almoft 
every oilier perfon, his unalterable, friend. During tlie 
time he lived with lord Aylmer, he undertook, for Mr. 
Prevcft, a bookfeller, the Hift.oria Literaria, a monthly 
publication in tlie nature of a review, the firft number of 
which was publiflied in 1730. "While lie was engaged in 
writing the Hiftoria Literaria, he agreed with the propri- 
etors of the Univerfal Hiftorv, and was employed by fivem 
to 1744, being the fpace of nine years. lit March 1746, 
lie put forth propofalsfor his Hiftory of-the Popes; a work 
which, lie fays, lie undertook fome years fince at Rome, 
.and then brought it down to fire-pontificate of Vidor, that 
is, to the dole of the fecond centttry. In the execution 
or this work at that period he profelfes-to have received 
the firft unfavourable fentiments of the pope’s fupremacy. 
On tlie 1.3th of May, 1748,, lie prefented to the king the 
firft volume; and on the death of Mr. Say, keeper of 
queen Caroline’s'library, lord Lyttleton applied to Mr. 
Pelham for that place for him, and obtained it. The next 
year, 1749, on the 4th of Augufl, he married a niece of 
bifliop Nichollon, and daughter of a clergyman of the 
church of England, a younger lbn of a gentleman’s family 
in Welrmoreland, who had a fortune of 40001. ftdrlin'g. In 
1751, the fecondtvolum.e of the Hiftory of the Popes made 
its appearance. ‘His conftant friend lord Lyttleton now 
appointed him clerk of the buck warrants, inftead of Hen. 
Read, Ef’qi who held that place under the earl of Lincoln. 
This office was probably of no great emolument. His ap¬ 
pointment to.it, however, ferves to fliew the credit he was 
in with his patron. It was in this year the firft fenous at¬ 
tack was made upon him on account of his Hiftory of th.e 
Popes, in a pamphlet printed at Douay, intituled, Remarks 
on the Two-firft-Volumes of the late Lives of the Popes, 
in letters from.a gentleman to a friend in the country, 8vo. 
-and written, as.Mr. Bower afterted, by a Popifti prieft, 
Butler, w hom he denominates one of the moft active and 
dangerous emiftaries of Rome in this kingdom. From this 
period'his whole time feems to have been fpent in the vio¬ 
lent controverfy concerning his Hiftory of the Popes. Be- 
fote the controverfy had ended, he publiflied his fourth vo¬ 
lume ; and in 1757 an abridgment of the firft four volumes 
was publiflied in French at Amfterdam. In 17-61 lie feems 
to have atiilied the author of Authentic Memoirs concern¬ 
ing the Portugnefe Inquifition, in a feries of letters to a 
P end, 8vo. and about the fame time produced the fifth 
-volume of his Hiftory of the Popes. To this volume he 
annexed a fummary view of the controverfy between him- 
felf and the Papifts, in 180 pages. 'The remainder of his 
hiftorv did not make its appearance until juft before the 
author’.-- death, when the fixth and feventh volumeswere 
publiflied together. He died on the 2d of September, 1766, 
at the age of eighty years. By his will he bequeathed all 
his property to his wife, who, fome time after his death, 
attefted his having died in the Proteftant faith. 
BGW'-KR,/'. [from the bow of a (hip. ] Anchors fo called. 
D BOW'KR, t/.ij. To embower; to inclofe. 
BOW'ERY, adj. Pull of bowers : 
Landfkips’liow gay, the bozo'ry grotto yields, 
Which thought creates, and lavifh fancy builds! Tickell. 
BOWES, a final] town iiv Yorkftiire, fituated on the" 
BOW 
edge of Stanemore, near the north point of the county, 
and in the part or it.called Richmondjkirc, on the banks of 
the river Greta, and coufifts only of one ftreet, nearly 
three quarters of a mile long from eaft to weft, in general 
well-built. It is fituated on one of the military .Roman 
ways, and was one of their ftations. The antiquity of this - 
place appears from an old ftone in its church, with-an in. 
fcriptiotibn it to the emperor Adrian, which was ufed a- 
bout the beginning of the Sixteenth century for a commit- 
n:on-table; Indeed its antiquity is its chief confequence ; 
for the country around is meanly cultivated, its habitations 
in general melancholy; and what alone'claims the atten¬ 
tion of a traveller, is the ruin of a caftle, ftippofed by 
fome of Roman coirftruction, but, with greater propriety 
by others, to be the Tunis de Arcabus, built by Alan firft 
earl of Richmond, in the time of the Conqueror; it is ft- 
tuate near the old high-ftreet, which led from the Cata - 
raFtonium of the Romans. This caftie is fifty-three feet 
high, built of hewn ftone, of excellent workmanihip, form¬ 
ing a fquare of equal lides, eighty-one feet each. The 
windows are irregular, and the walls, which are cemented 
with lime mixed with (mall flints, are.near five feet in 
thicknefs: it is now much defaced, the outward cafing be¬ 
ing dripped off in many places. This edifice appears to 
have been divided into leveral apartments, the principal 
ot which was vaulted, and fupported by a central pillar. 
It is fituated on the brink of a hill, declining fwiftly to the 
fouthward, at whole foot runs the river Greta ; it is fur- 
rounded by a deep ditch, beyond which, on the foifthern 
fide, is an open area or platform, extending from the caftle- 
moat ninety paces, and from eaft to weft one hundred paces; 
the angles are obtufe, and a wide accefs appears in the 
centre. On examination, this is indifputably proved to 
be the remains of the Roman ftation, the vallum having 
formed a Itrong outwork to the caftie, of great height to° 
wards the- Couth. The moors and commons near Bowes 
abound with rich coal and lead mines, which employ a 
great number of men. The parifn is divided into three 
townfhips : Bowes, Boldron, and Gilntonby. It lies four 
miles from Barnard Caftie, fifteen from Richmond, and 
thirteen from Brough. It has a market on Fridays ; and 
a fair annually on the ift of October. 
About two miles from Bowes is a lingular curiofity, 
called God’s-bn'dg'e, being a natural bridge of lime-ftone" 
rock, where, through a rude arch, fixteen feet in fpan, 
the river precipitates its waters ; the way formed on the 
crown of this rock is about twenty feet wide, and is the 
common carriage-road over the river. After the Greta has 
palfed this bridge, at a little diftance, it gains a fubterra- 
neous paliage for near half a mile ; and in a lineal direction 
breaks out again through the cavities of the rocks. A 
few meadows border the river, and cultivation feems to- 
awake from the Ikirts of the defert, or wolds of Yorkftiire,- 
which adjoin to this town. Here it may not be improper 
to fay fomething of Stanemore wold, which we enter upon 
leaving Bowes; and this we ftiall deferibe in the words of 
that accurate traveller Mr. Kutchinfon. “ Behind, Stan- 
more arifes, whofe heights feel the fury of both eaftern and 
weftern florins ; a dreary prolpeft extended to the eye, the 
hills clothed in heath, and all around a feene of barren- 
nefs and deformity ; the lower grounds are rent with tor¬ 
rents, which impetuoully pour from the fteeps in winter; 
and chafms, harrowed on the tides of hills, yawn with rugged 
rocks, or black and rotten earth. Here and there fcattered 
plots of'grafs variegate the profpect, where a-few fheep 
find pafturage ; and now and then a little rill is feen in the 
deep dell, which, as it flows in difconfolate meanders, is 
tinged with the fable foil through which it palfes. No ha¬ 
bitation for mankind appears on either fide, but all iswil. 
dernels and horrid walte, over which the wearied eye tra¬ 
vels with anxiety. As we travelled for feveral miles, all 
around was one continued melancholy feene ; the hills in- 
creafmg in height, the valleys in depth and defolation ; 
the wind founding among!! the rocks, whilft a heavy va¬ 
pour in fome parts clouded their funimits; the wearied 
mind 
