40 6 B R 1 
niffling blow to its fortunes. The Greek emperors, fenfi- 
b!e of the necefiity of having fuch a port as this in Italy, 
would have redored it to its ancient ftrength and fplendour, 
had the Normans allowed them time and leifure. The 
Greeks flruggled to keep their ground ; but, after various 
fuccefs, were finally driven out of Brindifi by William I. 
The frenzy for expeditions to Palefiine, though it drained 
other kingdoms of their wealth and fubjeCts, contributed 
powerfully to the re-'eftablifhment of this city, one of the 
ports where pilgrims and warriors took (hipping. It alfo 
benefited by the refidence of the emperor Frederic, whofe 
frequent armaments for the Holy Land required his pre¬ 
fence at this place of rendezvous. The lofs of Jerufa- 
lem, the fall of the Grecian empire, and the ruin of all 
the Levant trade after the Turks had conquered the' ead, 
reduced Brindifi to that (late of inactivity and defolation 
above defcribed. 
BRIN'DLE,^. The (late of being brinded. 
BRIN'DLED, aclj. Brinded; dreaked: 
The boar, my fitters ! aim the fatal dart, 
And (trike the brindled monder to the heart. Addifon. 
BRlND'LEY (James), a mod uncommon genius for 
mechanical inventions, and particularly excellent in plan¬ 
ning and conducting inland navigations, was born in 171(5 
at Tunttead, in Derbyfhire. Through mifmanagement his 
education was totally neglected ; and, at feventeen, he 
bound himfelf apprentice to a millwright, near Macclef- 
field, in Chcttiirer He ferved his apprenticefflip ; and, af¬ 
terwards fetting up for himfelf, advanced' the millwright 
bufinefs, by inventions and contrivances of his own, to a 
degree of perfection which it had not attained before. His 
fame, as a mod ingenious mechanic, fpreading widely, 
his genius was no longer confined to the bufinefs of his 
profettion: for, in 1752, he ereCted a very extraordinary 
water-engine at Clifton, in Lancafhire, for'the purpofe of 
draining coal-mines ; and, in 17.55, was employed to exe¬ 
cute the larger wheels for a new (ilk-paid, at Congleton, 
in Chetttire. The potteries of StafforcKhire were alfo, 
about this time, indebted to him for feveral valuable ad¬ 
ditions in the mills ufed by them for grinding flint-dones. 
In 1756, he undertook to ereCl: a fteam-engine near New- 
caftle-under-Line upon a new plan ; and it is believed that 
he would have brought this engine to great perfection, if 
fome interetted engineers had not oppofed him. 
His attention was foon afterwards called off to another 
object, which, in its confequences, hath proved of high 
importance to the trade and commerce of this kingdom, 
namely, the projecting and executing inland navigations,. 
The duke of Bridgewater hath, at Worfley, about feven 
miles from Manchetter, a large eftate abounding with coal, 
which had lain ufelefs, becadfe the expence of land-car¬ 
riage was too great to find a market for confumption. The 
duke, wifhing to work thefe mines, perceived theneceffi- 
ty bf a canal from Worfley to Manchetter; upon which 
occafion Brindley was.confulted, and, declaring the fcheme 
practicable, an act for this purpofe was obtained in 1758 
and 1759. Brindley now began thefe great works, being 
the firft of the kind ever attempted in England, with na¬ 
vigable fubterraneoys tunnels and elevated aqueduCts; 
and as, in order to preferve the level of the water, it 
fhould be free from the ufual obttructions of locks, he 
carried the canal over rivers, and many large and deep 
valleys. When it was completed as far as Barton, where 
the Irwell is navigable for large vettels, he propofed to 
carry it over that river, by an aqueduCl of thirty-nine 
feet above the furface of the water ; and, though this pro¬ 
ject was treated as wild and chimerical, yet, fupported by 
his noble patron, he began his work in September 1760, 
and the firft boat failed over it in July 1761. 
The fuccefs of the duke of Bridgewater’s undertakings 
encouraged a number of gentlemen and manufacturers in 
Staffordlhire, to revive theidea of a canal navigation thro’ 
that country ; and Brindley was engaged to make a furvey 
from the Trent to the Merley, In 1766, this canal was 
1 
B R I 
begun, and conducted under Brindley’s direction as long 
as he lived ; but finifhed after his death by his brother- 
in-law Mr. Henfhall, in May 1777. The proprietors call¬ 
ed it the Canal from the Trent to the Merfey ; but the engi¬ 
neer, more emphatically, the Grand Trunk Navigation, °on 
account of the numerous branches, which, as lie jufily 
fuppofed, would be extended every way from it. See Ca¬ 
nal Navigation. 
Brindley died at Turnhurft in StafFordfliire, September 
27, 1772, in his 56th year. He never indulged in the com¬ 
mon diverfions of life ; and, though once prevailed on to 
fee a play in London, yet he declared that he would on no 
account be prefent at another; becaufe it fo difturbed his 
ideas for feveral days after, as to render him unfit for bu- 
finefs. When any extraordinary difficulty occurred to him 
in the execution of his works, he generally retired to bed ; 
and has been known to lie there one, two, or three, days, 
till he had furmounted it. He would then get up, and 
execute his defign without any drawing or model. As his 
ftation in life was low, and his.education totally negleCted, 
fo his exterior accomplifiunents were fuitable to them. 
He could indeed read and write, but both very indifferent¬ 
ly ; and he was perhaps, in his way, an abnormisfapiens— 
“ of mother-wit, and wife without the fchools.” “ He 
is (fays his biographer) as plain a looking man as one of 
the boors in the Peake, or one of his own carters : but, 
when he fpeaks, all ears litten ; and every mind is filled 
with wonder at the things he pronounces to be practica¬ 
ble. His powers (hine mod in the midtt of difficulties; 
when rivers and mountains feem to thwart his defigns, then 
appears his vaft capacity, by which he makes them fub- 
fervient to his will.” 
BRINE, f. Water impregnated with fait.—Diflolve 
(beep’s dung in water, and add to it as much fait as will 
make a ftrong brine ; in this liquor deep your corn. Morti¬ 
mer. —The fea, as it is fait: 
As when two adverfe winds 
Engage with horrid (hock, the ruffled brine 
Roars ttormy. Philips. 
Tears, as they are fait: 
What a deal of brine 
Hath waffl’d thy fallow cheeks for Rofaline 1 Shakefpeare . 
Brine is either native, as the fea-water, which by coftion 
turns to fait; or factitious, formed by difiolving fait in wa¬ 
ter. In the falt-works at Upwick in Worcefterfflire, there 
are found, at the fame time, -and in the fame pit, three 
forts of brine, each of a different ftrength. They are 
drawn by a pump; and that in the bottom, firtt brought 
up, is called frjl man ; the next, middle man ; and the third, 
lajl man. 
BRINE-PAN, and Brine-Pit. See Salt. 
BRINE-SPRINGS, fountains which flow with fait wa¬ 
ter inttead of freffl. Of thefe there are many in South Bri¬ 
tain ; but, though not peculiar to this ifland, they are far 
from being common in the countries on the continent. The 
mod remarkable of thefe fprings in England are, one at 
Eaft-Chennock in Somerfetfflire, about twenty miles from 
the fea. Another at Leamington in Warwickfhire, very 
near the river Learn; which, however, is but weak. Such 
a fpring likewife runs into the river Cherwell in'Oxford- 
fflire, and feveral more in Wettmoreland and Yorkfflire: 
but, as they are rather weak, and the fuel in mod of thofe 
counties fcarce and dear, no fait is prepared from them. 
At Barroytdale near Grange, three miles from Kefivick 
in Cumberland, a drong brine-fpring rifes in a level near 
a mofs, fixteen gallons of the water of which yield one of 
pure fait; which is the more remarkable, when it is confi- 
ddred that the fame quantity of fait cannot be obtained 
from lefs than twenty-two gallons of the waters of the 
German ocean. At a place called Salt-water Haugh, in 
the bifflopric of Durham, there are a multitude of fait 
fprings which rife in the middle of the river Weare, for 
the fpace of about forty yards in length, and ten in breadth; 
