4*6 BUG 
BUCK'IE, a fmall fifhing town-of Scotland, in the 
county of Bamff, on the fouth-weft fide of the Frith of 
Murray ; five miles weft of Cullen. 
BUCK'JNG,/. The firft operation in the whitening of 
linen yarn or cloth. See Bleaching. 
BUCK'INGHAM, a county of the United States of 
America, in Virginia, which in the year 1781 lent 62; 
men to the national militia : forty miles weft of Richmond. 
BUCK'INGHAM, [of beet'., beech, and ham, Sax. a 
habitation, becaufe of the abundance of beech-trees grow¬ 
ing there.] The county town of Buckinghainfhire, litu- 
ated in a valley, on a dry gravelly foil, furrounded on all 
tides, except the north, by the Oule, over which it has 
three done bridges. It is diflant fif'ty-feven miles north- 
weft of London. It is a town of great antiquity ; for, ac¬ 
cording to Browne Willis, in the forty-fourth year after 
Chrift, Aulus Plautius, the Roman general, under the 
emperor Claudius, (urprifed the Britons on the banks of 
the Oitf’e, at or near Buckingham. In the reign of Ed¬ 
ward III. it was fummoned to fend members to parlia¬ 
ment, but does not appear to have done fo till the 36th of 
He-;iry V'lIL though from that of Edward VI. it has lent 
two members regularly. Queen Mary incorporated it, by 
the name of a bailiff and twelve burgefies. Charles II. in 
in 1684, granted it a new charter, changing the magiftrates 
into a mayor and aldermen, but the old charter was re- 
ftored four years after, and the magiftrates are (till 'a bailiff 
and burgeff'es. The whole bufinefs of the county was for¬ 
merly tranlacled at Aylefbury, but, by a late aft of par¬ 
liament, the furnmer affizes are removed to Buckingham. 
Here is a free-fchool, founded by Ifabe! Denton; and well 
endowed. A caftje was built here by the Saxon king Ed¬ 
ward the Elder, on a hill which divides the town in the 
middle, but there are few traces of it now Left. The fpire 
of the church, reckoned one of the talleft in England,- was 
blown down, in 1698, and never rebui.lt; the tower itfelf 
fell March 26, 1776, fince which the church-yard remains 
a burial-place, with a chapel only, and a new church has 
been erected on the hill where the caftle formerly ftood ; it 
is a plain neat edifice, with, a fpire : the infide finifhed in 
an elegant ftile. The altar-piece, reprefenring the trans¬ 
figuration of Chrift, is taken from the celebrated picture 
of Raphael, and was given to the church by the prefent 
marquis of Buckingham ; whofe uncle,, the late earl Tem¬ 
ple, contributed very largely to rebuild it. The principal 
manufacture of the town and neighbourhood at prefent is 
bone-lace, and there are feveral corn and paper-mills ereft- 
ed on the Oule, in and near the town. It has a market on 
Saturdays; and (even fairs annually, viz. Monday fe’n- 
night after Old Twelfth-day, March 7, (if leap-year 
March 6,) May 6, Thurfday in the Whitfun-week, July 
to, September 4, October 1, and November 8. On March 
25, 1725, a melancholy fire happened here, which, deftroy- 
ed a great number of the houfes. It is diflant from Ox¬ 
ford twenty-four miles, Northampton twenty-one, Bed¬ 
ford thirty, and. Aylefbury feventeen. 
About three miles from the town is Stowe, the celebrat¬ 
ed and beautiful feat of the marquis of Buckingham. The 
elegant iapade to the garden is a complete piece of new ar¬ 
chitecture by Mr. Wyatt. The honfe is large, and- ex¬ 
tends in one line of front 900 feet; a great part of it has 
been pulled down, and rebuilt upon a more magnificent 
plan. T he many beautiful paintings, the -works of the 
raoft capital artifts, which decorate the different apart¬ 
ments, are truly worthy the infpeftion of every curious tra¬ 
veller ; but tlie ornamented grounds are more peculiar 
than the houfe itfelf. They were for many years the ad¬ 
miration of all who viewed them. They were fketched 
at firft quite in the old ftile of broad ftraight gravel-walks 
and avenues of trees with regular waters; but thefe are 
tiow much changed, and the grounds modernized in the 
true ftile of the fublime and beautiful. Prom tlie temple 
of Bacchus there is a plealing view down the water, and 
through the vale, having the temple of Venus on its banks, 
with fiome woods behind iu Palling a cave, dedicated to 
BUG 
St. Auftln, the walks lead to the pavilions at the park- 
gate, from which the water is feen differently winding, in. 
a very natural tafte, at the bottom of feveral paftures; it 
is here as juft an imitation of a real ftream as can poffibly. 
be imagined. From queen Caroline’s pillar, the wood and 
water appear to advantage, and the portico of one of the 
pavilions; on the fouth fide of the gardens, is caught a- 
mdng' the woods in a mod agreeable manner. Moving, 
down to the water, we command a view of a building that 
terminates the canal, which is here large ; a fmall grafs. 
lawn lcattered with trees, on the oppolite banks, now- 
breaks from the water into the wood ; extremely piClu- 
refque, and the beft part of this view. Advancing to the 
temple of Venus, the lanafcape is very fine ; the water 
fills the valley, and theop.pofite hill is crowned with thick 
wood. The rotunda is beautifully placed on a point of 
ground, with a projecting wood behind it ; and, to the 
left, the temple of Bacchus appears quite embofomed in 
a thick grove. From the fhepherd’s cave, the view of the 
rotunda is extremely picturefque : from hence the path 
winds by the water; but the terminations of it are orna¬ 
mented with fiat tie's, and the regularity of the cafcades is 
in q very different ftile from the rotunda, and at once pre¬ 
fects a view of the mod cultivated ftate. From the firft 
pavilion, the view of the lake is very plpafmg ; it gives a 
bend, which forms a promontory of a beautiful verdure 
fcattered with trees, between the bodies of which we com¬ 
mand the water. Gardening feldoin offers a more, beau¬ 
tiful objeft, nor can it well be employed without fuccefs.. 
The extreme beauty of this part of the view draws off the 
attention from the regular lawn that leads up to the houfe. 
From the temple of Friendfhip, the view of that of An¬ 
cient Virtue, in a thick wood, is extremely fine. The 
Palladian bridge is taken from that at WiLton ;, and the 
water winds through natural meadows in a rural tafte. 
From thence, as we mount the hill, the view to the left 
is extremely fine; the water winds through the valley ; 
one of the pavilions on the banks is very prettily flattered 
with wood, and above the whole the diflant country richly 
terminates the llene. From the bench at the top of the 
hill, the view is varied ; here opens to the eye the Corin¬ 
thian arch, in an excellent fituation ; a proof, that orna¬ 
mental buildings may foinetimes be nearly diftinllfrom. 
wood, though the connexion between them is feldom bro¬ 
ken without deftroying the beauty of the view. From thee 
front of the Gothic temple, the views are extremely rich ; 
on one fide, the portico of the temple of Concord is beau¬ 
tifully feen in tire wood; on the other, the ground has a 
varied Hope into the valley, where the water winds in a 
very pleafing manner; the pavilion is charmingly fitnated 
on its bank ; in front, a dark wood bounds the feene. 
Palfing-lord Cobham’s pillar, from whence a view opens 
through a wood to the temple of Concord, we come by. 
winding walks to the banqueting-room, from whence is a 
fine varied profpell; here the Corinthian arch appears to 
advantage. From hence we are conducted to the temple 
of Concord and Victory, and, in the way, pafs a moft beau¬ 
tiful, hollow, winding, lawn ; the brows of all the fur¬ 
rounding Hopes are finely fpread with wood, thick in fiome 
places, and in others Icattered, fo as to open for the eye 
to follow the bends of the lawn, which is every where 
different. The temple is excellently fitnated on the brow 
of one of the hills, and is a very fine building ; it is ob¬ 
long, wholly furrounded by a colonnade,, and the archi¬ 
tecture is light and pleafant. In it is a room 42 feet by 25, 
ornamented with a ftatue of Liberty, and feveral medallions 
in the walls, fome of which are extremely well executed, 
though, the performance of a (elf-taught artift, once a boy in 
lord Temple’s ftables. The walk leads next to q fequeftered 
winding v;.le, finely furrounded with wood ; and a fmall: 
lake takes its courfe thro’ it, broken by woody iffands, and, 
a varioully obfeure (bore. At the head is a grotto, which 
looks down on the water in a pleafing manner. Here is a 
ftatue of Venus riling from the bath; an elegant figure, 
and the attitudes well imagined. The grove, on which. 
