BUI 
Building alfo denotes the art of conftru^ting the edifice it- 
lef; "m which fenfe it amounts to the. fame.,as Archi¬ 
tecture, which fee. Sir Henry Wotron in his Elements 
of Architecture, accounts for, tiie great expenditure for-, 
inerly lavifhed on manfion-houfes, caliles, See. in the fol¬ 
lowing natural and ingenious manner. “ Every man’s 
proper manlion-lioufe or cattle being the theatre of his hof- 
pitality, tlie feat of (elf-fruition, the comfortable# part of 
his own life, the noble# of Ins Ion’s inheritance, a kind of 
private princedom ; nay, to the pofT’eftbrs thereof, an epi¬ 
tome of the whole world, may well deferve, by thefe at- 
tiibutes, to be nobly and delightfully adorned.” 
There are many falutary laws enacted for tjie fafety and 
regulation of buildings:. If a boufe new built exceeds the 
ancient foundation,- whereby that is the caufe of hinder¬ 
ing the lights or air of another houfe, action lies again# 
the b: ilder. Hob. i 31. In London, a man may place lad¬ 
ders or poles upon the ground, or again!! houfes adjoining, 
for building his own ; but he may not break ground : and 
builders of houfes ought to have licence from the mayor 
and aldermen, &c. for a hoard in the flreets, which are 
not to be incumbered. Cit. Lib. 30, 146. In new build¬ 
ing of London, it was ordained, that the butfides of the 
buildings be of brick or (lone, and the houfes for the prin¬ 
cipal flreets to be four (lories high, having in front, bal¬ 
conies, &c. by liar. 19 Car. II. c. 3. The laws for regu¬ 
lating-buildings in the cities of London and Weftminfler, 
and other parifhes and places in the weekly bills of morta¬ 
lity, the parifhes cf St. Mary-le-bone and Paddington, St. 
Pancras and St. Luke at Cheltea, for preventing niifchiefs 
by fire, are reduced into one aft by flat. 14 Geo. 111 . c. 78. 
The regulations,of this law being very minute ,a-nd tech¬ 
nical, we mult refer the reader to the flatute itfelf. See 
the article Fire. 
To preferve or prevent buildings from th.e danger of 
taking fire, there are feveriibmodern inventions lately re¬ 
commended. The Rev. Mr. Edmund Cartwright, of 
St. Mary-le-bone, London, has fuggefted a method of 
conflruCting buildings with incombuftible materials, for 
which he obtained letters patent, dated' October n, 1797, 
dating his method as follows: “ I the laid Emund Cart¬ 
wright do declare, that my invention confifis in applying 
tiles, as a fubftitute for laths, reeds, or boards, in making 
cielings, partitions, or floors, of rooms; and alfo as afub- 
Ifitute for any other material that lias hitherto been appli¬ 
ed for flopping the progrefs of fire. The manner of apply¬ 
ing them is as follows: the tiles being of faifioient length 
to extend from centre to centre of the fpars, joifts, or 
lleepers, under, again#, or upon, which they are to be-faf- 
tened ; and’having holes, or notches, previoufly made in 
them at ‘each end, for receiving the nails, (crews, or 
cramps, affixed - to the (aid joifts, (pars, or fteepers ; or 
tliey may be affixed by any other means that the workman 
may prefer; care being taken, in each cafe, to fecure the 
joints where the tiles meet, by mortar, ydafter of Paris, 
('purging, tempered brick-earth, loam, or any other ce¬ 
ment, at the option of the workman. The work being 
finillied, (unlefs it bfe for a floor, when nothing farther 
w ill be necelTary,) it may be thinly coated over with plaf- 
ter, as a common ceilingor partition, with this advantage, 
that in two or three days it will be perfedlly dry ; where¬ 
as, where laths, or reeds, are 11 fed, the celings commonly 
require twice as many weeks, at lead, before the rooms 
are completely habitable. In tiling the partitions between 
room and room, it is aimed needlefs to obferve, that care 
mud be taken to fecure the bottoms, the door-ways, and 
•ether, openings, in cafes where tiles cannot conveniently 
be applied, with brick-work, meral-platfes, or any other 
•effectual method. Ref'pebling tjie tiles themfelyes, they 
ill011 Id be made of fucli earths, or mixtures of earths, as 
will be lead apt to fly in the fire ; and they will alfo be 
bed for this ufe, if- they are not burned fo hard as when 
they are to be expoled to the weather. To make the pi af¬ 
ter adhere more eff’edtually to them, they hud better be 
Tcored, or roughened, on the fide that is to receive it ; 
BUI 495 
though, if the plafter be prepared and applied properly, 
this prccaution is unnecefTary. As there will be fome dif¬ 
ficulty in cutting the tiles, for finifixing off the work, tiles 
of diffc;cut.breadths fhottld be provided, w hich would not 
require cutting,' Asa fecit,rity again# fire, this cheap and 
finXj !e method lias every advantage attending the moll 
complicated and'expenli ve. Tiles effeihnlly exclude air; 
they tranfmit heat more flowly than metal ; and are not 
affected by any degree office KTs intenfe than that in which 
they are burned : a fire more intenfe, it is, morally l'peak- 
ing, impollible, in a building, they fhould be expofed to. 
By this invention; the ufe of laths, or reeds, the moft,in¬ 
flammable material that is now applied in building, is en¬ 
tirely done away.” 
Another method has been offered by Mr. Hartley of 
Golden-fquare, which confifis in the application of plates 
of metal fixed round the walls, ceilings, &c. of the fe- 
vera! apartments, arid fo fecured or joined together by 
overlapping,, (crewing, or foldering, that no current of air, 
or accef's of fire, can on any ' occaiio'11 pafs betvyeen them. 
This method appears effectual, but it muff be expenfive. 
Other method's, or apparent improvements, have been 
lately flruck out in. building, and for which patents have 
been obtained ; but, till a few years experience (hall (hew 
their good or ill fuccefs, it will be unnecefTary to enume¬ 
rate them. 
BUILD'! NG of SHIPS. See Nava i. Architecture. 
BUILT,/. The form ; the (trudure ; the fpecies of 
building.—There is hardly any country, which has. fo lit¬ 
tle fi: ip ping as Ireland; the reafon nuift be, the fcarcity 
of timber proper for this built. Temple. 
BUILTH, fee Bealt. The vale of Builth has always 
been admired by travellers for the pidurefque views it af¬ 
fords. A mile north-weft of the town is the Park Wells, 
celebrated for the virtue of its fait (brings, See. and about 
(even miles"nerth-eaft in the county of Radnor, is Lland¬ 
rindod Wells, prized for its three different fprings, the 
falutary efFeffcs of which have been fully exemplified by 
Dr. Lindon. Llajiwortyd Well is about eleven miles weft- 
ward of .tjie town of Builth, and affords a molt efficacious 
relief in all fcorbutic cafes. 
BUINSK, a town of Ruftia, in the province of Sint- 
birfk : thirty-fix miles north-north-weft of Sinxbirfk. 
BUIS (I.e), a town of France, and feat of a tribunal, 
in the department of the Drome : feven leagues eait. north- 
eaft of Orange, axxd two and a half fonth-eaft of Nions. 
BUJS'KOI, a town of Siberia : fixty-four miles fouth- 
eaft of Nertlhinfk. \ 
BU'K ANS, a town of Hungary : thirty-two miles north 
of Gran, and eighty-eight eaft of Vienna. 
BUKHA'RIA, or Bucharia, or Bokharia (Great), 
a country of Alia, bounded on the north by the.dominions 
of Ruftia,.off the.eaft by Little Bukharia, on the fouth by 
Hindooftan and Perils, and on the weft by a part of Perfia 
and the Cafpian Sea. This country was known in the time 
of Alexander the Great by the name of Sogd.ia.na , and 
made a part of Scythia, as it now does'of Tartary. Jt 
probably owes its prefent name to the city of Bukharia,for 
Bokhara, Which was extended from the capital to. the 
country at large. The inhabitants are in general taviny, 
with black hair, but fome of them are white, handfqTne, 
and well made; they are warlike, and chiefly ufe for arms 
a bow, a lance, and a fabre. The land is fertile in corn 
and fruit, the bed cultivated of all the country which goes 
by the name of Tartary, and is well watered by rivers, the 
principal of which is the Gihon or jihon. 
BUKHA'RIA, or Bucharia (Little), a country of 
Afia, and part of 'Tartary, bounded on the north by the 
dominions of Ruftia, on tlxe eaft by Chinefe-Tartary, on 
the fontli by Thibet and Hindooftan, and bn the weft by 
Great Bukharia. The country is populous and fertile, 
but‘for the molt part mountainous-. 1 The animal producing 
mull is 1 found here, and .the mountains contain mines of 
gold, friVefi, and diamonds. Thefe form thb principal ar¬ 
ticles of their traffic with India, China, and Ruftia. The 
1 melons 
