B Y 
.at one birth., Shakfpeare. —For: noting continuance of 
time. This fenfe is not now in life.—Ferdinand and Il'a- 
be 11 a recovered the kingdom of Grenada from the Moors ; 
having been in poii'etTion thereof by the fpace of feven hun¬ 
dred years. Bacon. —As foon as ; not later than; noting 
time j 
Hector, by the fifth hour of the fun, 
Will with a trumpet, ’twixt our tents and Troy, 
To-morrow morning call forne knight to arms. Shakefp. 
Befide : noting paffage.—Many beautiful places, (landing 
along the fea-lhore, make the town appear longer than it 
is to thole that fail by it. Addifon. —Befide; near to; in 
prefence: noting proximity of place.—So thou may’ll fay, 
the king lies by a beggar, if a beggar dwell near him ; or 
the church (lands by thy tabour, if thy tabour Hand by the 
church. Shakefpeare. 
Stay by me ; thou art refolute and faithful ; 
I have employment worthy of thy arm. Dryden. 
Before himfelf, herfclf, or themfclves , it notes the abfenceof 
all others.—Sitting in fome place by himfelf, let him tranf- 
late into Englilh his former leflbn. AJc'ham. 
More pleas’d to keep it till their friends could come, 
Than eat the fweetelf by themfelves at home. Pope. 
At hand.—He kept then fome of the fpirit by him, to ve¬ 
rify what he believes. Boyle. —It is the folemn form of 
(wearing.—His godhead I invoke, by him 1 fwear. Dryden. 
■—It is ufed in forms of adjuring or obtelling : 
O cruel youth! 
By all the pain that wrings my tortur’d foul, 
By all the dear deceitful hopes you gave me, 
O ceafe ! at lead once more delude my forrows. Smith. 
It fignifies fpecification and particularity : 
Upbraiding heav’n, from whence his lineage came, 
And cruel calls the gods, and cruel thee, by name. 
Dryden. 
By proxy of: noting fubflitution.—The gods were faid to 
fealt with Ethiopians ; that is, they were prefent with 
them by their Ilatues. Broome. — In the fame direction with. 
—They are alfo llriated or furrowed, by the length, and 
the fides curioufly punched, or pricked. Grew , 
BY , adv. Hear; at a lmall diitance : 
And in it lies the god of deep ; 
And, fnorting by, we may defery 
The monfters of the deep. Dryden. 
Befide; palling.—Who was it came ft Shahefpearc. —In 
p re fence : 
P-ris’ners and witnefles were waiting by ; 
Thefe had been taught to fwear, and thole to die. 
Rojcommon. 
By and by. In a (hort time.—Now a fenfible man, by 
and by a fool, and presently a bead. Shakefpeare. 
O how this fpring of love refembleth 
The uncertain glory of an April day ; 
Which now (hews all the beauty of the fun, 
And by and by a cloud takes all away. Shakefpeare. 
BY,/ Something not the direft and immediate object 
of regard.—In this inllance, there is, upon the by, to be 
noted, the percolation of the verjuice through the wood. 
Bacon. 
So, while my lov’d revenge is full and high, 
I’ll give you back your kingdom by the by. Dryden. 
BY, in compofition, implies fomething out of the di¬ 
rect way, and confequently fome obfeurity, as a by-road ; 
fomething irregular, as a by-end ; or fomething collateral, 
as a by-concernment ; or private, as a by-law. This compo¬ 
fition is ufed at pleafure, and will be underfiood by the- 
examples following. 
BY-COFFEE-HOUSE,/! A coffee-houfe in an ob feu re 
Vol. III. No. 14-S. 
B Y S 6 ? 
place. — I afterwards'entered a by-coffee-houfe that flood at 
the upper end of a narrow lane, where I met with a non¬ 
juror. Addifon. 
BY-CONCERNMENT,/ - . An affair which is not the 
main bufinefs.—Our plays, befides the main defign, have 
under-plots, or by-concernments, oriel's confideragfe perfons 
and intrigues, which are carried on with the motion of th6 
main plot. Dryden. 
BY-DEPENDENCE,/ An appendage; fomething 
accidentally depending on another : 
I know not how much more Ihould be demanded; 
And all the other by-dependencies, 
From chance to chance. Shakefpeare . 
BY-DtiSIGN,/ An incidental purpole : 
And if flic mifs the moufe-trap lines, 
They’ll ferve for other by-defgns. Hudibras. 
BY-END,/ Private intereff; fecret advantage.—AH 
people that worfiiip for fear, profit, or fome other by-end > 
fall within the intendment of this fable. D EJirange. 
BY-GONE, adj. [A Scotch word.] Paft : 
Tell him, you're fure 
All in Bohemia’s well : this fatisfaftion 
The by-gone day proclaim’d. Shakefpeare. 
B\ - IN FEREST, f. Interefl difiinft from that of the 
public.—Various factions and parties, all aiming at by-in~ 
teref, without any fmcere regard to the public good. At- 
terbury. 
BY-LAWS, \_bilagines, from Sax. by, pagus, civitas, and 
lagen, lex. i. e. the laws of cities, Spe/m. v. bellagines. Or 
perhaps laws made obiter, or by the by. ] Certain orders 
and confutations of corporations, for the governing of 
their members; of courts-leet and court-baron ; commo¬ 
ners or inhabitants in vills, &c. made by common affent, 
for the good of thofe that made them, in particular cafes, 
whereunto the public law doth not extend ; fo that they 
lay reflriftions on the parties, not impofed by the common 
or ftatute law : guilds and .fraternities of trades, by let- 
ters-patent of incorporation, may likewife make by-laws, for 
the better regulation of trade among themfelves, or with 
others. Kitch. 45, 72. CRep.C^. In Scotland thofe laws 
are called laws ot birlaw, or burlaw ; which are made by 
neighbourselefted by common confent in the birlaw courts, 
wherein knowledge is taken of complaints betwixt neigh¬ 
bour and neighbour; which men fo chofen are judges and 
arbitrators, and ftiled bit law-men. And bit laws, according 
to Skene, are leges mflicorum, laws made by hulbandmen, 
or townfhips, concerning neighbourhood among!! them. 
Skene, p.33. The power of making by-laws, being in¬ 
cluded in the very aft of incorporating a corporation; and, 
molt by-laws being made by corporations, it feems more 
regular to confider the nature and effect of them under 
that head. See the article Corporations. In this place 
therefore we (hall chiefly confider, 1, who may make by¬ 
laws, and 2, the general requifites of them. 1. The in¬ 
habitants of a town, without any cuftom, may make or¬ 
dinances or by-laws, for repairing of a church, or high¬ 
way, or any fuel) thing, which is for the general good of 
the public : and in fuel) cafes, the greater part (ball bind 
all : though if it be for their own private profit, as for 
the well ordering of their common, or the like, they can¬ 
not make by-laws without a cullom to warrant it; and, if 
there be a cullom, the greatelt part lliall not bind the reft 
in thefe cafes, unlefs it be warranted by the enftom. 5 
Rep. 63. A cuftom to make a by-law, may be alleged in 
an ancient city or borough. So in an upland town, which 
is neither city nor borough. 1 Inf. nob. Cro.Car. 498. 
Hob. 212. The freeholders in a court-leet may make by¬ 
laws relating to the public good, which dial! bind every 
one within the leet. And a court-baron may make by¬ 
laws, by cullom, and add a penalty for the non-performance 
of them. So by cuftom the tenants of a manor may make 
by-laws for the good order of the tenants. 1 Rc. Ab. 361?. 
