* 
C IE S 
point of view. Its antiquity is neceffarily obfcure, and 
the hidorical accounts of the county prior to the com¬ 
mencement of the eighth century furnifh no fatisfadlory 
regilter of events. The lower glens, and the Ihelving 
fkirts of the mountains, were undoubtedly the firfl parts 
inhabited; and this fettlement probably commenced as 
foon ns the red of Wales : but the advance upwards into 
the'.tills, has been gradual; the effedt of population, and 
the increafed value of land: indeed, no boundary is yet 
fixed to the cultivated ground, as continual incroachments 
are made on the heatlis and commons. The improved 
parts of the country now occupy nearly the half of the 
fuperfices; and perhaps in ages to come almod the whole 
furface, wherever any mould is left, may be brought to a 
date of artificial pafntrage, if not of cumberfome tillage. 
In thefe mountains the action of the plough is often fo 
laborious, and the declivities frequently fo filar p, that it 
is wonderful how the farmers can cultivate them. The 
dwellers of the uplands call the lowlands yr hendre, that 
is, ‘ the old habitations,’ from being the original abode 
of the inhabitants. The mountains occupying the fpace 
from Conway to Caernarvon feem to be embofomed in 
on.e another; but from the Anglefey fliore they alfiime a 
more regular appearance ; range riling upon range, in three 
gradations. The lower valleys and lides of the moun¬ 
tains to the firft fivell are in general fertile, temperate, 
and habitable. The fecond range affords padurage and 
fuel; fiich as long grafs, peat, and furze : this line is of 
a raw temperature, and very frequently overfpread with a 
mid, arifing from tlie humidity of the foil, and its fituation, 
which is between the foft warmth of the vale and the fe- 
vere rigour of the fummits. The higheft ridge comprifes 
in it the nature of the frigid zone ; the air is keen and ra¬ 
refied, and fnow ufually prevails there more than half the 
year. It produces fome coarfe grafs and patches of heath, 
and fome fpots altogether bare of any herbage. The rocks 
here and there, where expofed to winds and dorms, are 
naked even of mould ; the outer coat being carried away 
by tempeds, or fwept off by the violence of the wintry 
deluge. In other places of fliarp declivity, huge dips of 
rocks have llidden down, and rugged precipices and vad 
fkeletons of the mountain aflonifh the beholder. The in¬ 
habitants of this region are all migratory : as foon as the 
mountain puts on its hoary cap of fnow, the fheep and the 
goat defeend to a more temperate climate. When it rains 
mildly in the lower didricts of the mountain, it oftentimes 
fiiows with feverity on the heights. A didridf of fitch 
rude appearance, naturally affords many awful feenes of 
terrific grandeur; and the admirers of them need not go 
out of their own country for the htghed gratification in 
this dyle. See Penmaenmawr, and Ssowdox-hill. 
■ CTERU'LEUM MON'TANUM,/ [from cczlum, Lat. 
the Iky.] An ore of copper claffed by Cronfledt among 
the calcareous earths, as a combination of that earth with 
the metal. Kinvan, however, afferts pofitively that ioo 
parts contain about (ixty-nine of copper, twenty-nine of 
aerial acid or fixed air, and two of ’water. It is mod fre¬ 
quently found of a loofe pulverulent form, though fonie- 
times indurated and even crydallized, but it is then mixed 
with quartz. It may be analyfed by folution in acids, and 
precipitation by immerfing a piece of iron in the folution, 
which will throw down the copper in the metallic date. 
CAFRWIS', a fmall town of Flintfliire, in North Wales, 
five miles eaft of St.Afaph, five wed of Flint, and 2C4 
north-wed of London. It is feated on an-afeent, and has 
a market on Tuefdays; and fix fairs, viz. on March 16, 
the lad Tuefday in April, Trinity-Thurfday, the fird 
Tuefday after July 7, September 9, and November 10, all 
for cattle: It is a borough-town, but fends no members 
to parliament* 
C/ESALPI'NIA,/. [fo named by Plumier* in honour 
of Andr&asCxfalpinus, chief phyfician to pope Clement VIII. 
the father of fyhematic arrangement in plants, in his now 
very fcarce work, entitled, De Plantis, Libri Sedecim. 
silor. 1583. qu. He died, at Rome in 1602.] In botany, 
C JE S 59j 
Brasil-wood, or Flower-fennel,’ a genus of the clafs 
decandria, order nionogynia, natural order lomentacece. 
The generic characters are—Calyx : perianthium one- 
leafed, five-parted; tube fhort ; fegments oblong, deci¬ 
duous, the lowed longer than the red, dightly arched. 
Corolla : petals five, inferted into the throat of the caly- 
cine tube, unequal; lamina roundiOi. Stamina: filaments 
ten, inferted into the throat of the calyx, filiform, woolly 
at the.bale, declining; antherae oblong, decumbent. Pif- 
tillum : genu fuperior, linear-oblong, cotnpreded attenu¬ 
ated at the bafe ; dyle filiform, the length of the damens ; 
digma blunt. Pericarpium : legume oblong, compreffed, 
one-celled. Seeds : few, fubovate, compreffed, Hat.— 
T.Jfential CharaEler. Calyx, five-parted ; The lowed feg- 
ment longer and ffghtly arched ; damens, woolly at the 
bafe; petals five; legume compreffed. 
Species. 1. Crefalpinia elata : unarmed ; leaflets linear^ 
bltint with a point; corymbs compound; calyxes coria¬ 
ceous, tomentofe ; petals fringed ; damens very long. 
This is a tree with bipinnate leaves of feven pairs; the 
leaflets fifteen pairs, quite entire, minute. Flowers large,, 
yellow. Filaments very dark purple, villofe at the bale. 
Native of India. Introduced in 17S8, by Sir Jof. Banks. 
2. Caefalpinia pulcherrima : prickly; leaflets oblong- 
oval, emarginate, they and the calyxes finooth ; corymbs 
Ample ; petals fringed ; damens very long. The Barba - 
does flower-fence riles with a draight dalk ten or twelve 
feet high ; it is covered with a finooth grey bark, and 13 
fometimes as thick as the fmall of a man’s leg; it divides 
into feveral fpreading branches at the top, armed at each 
joint with two fhort drong crooked fpines. Leaves doubly 
pinnate; leaflets from four to eight pairs, mod in the mid¬ 
dle, decreafing in number both at top and bottonr, three 
quarters of an inch long, almod half an inch broad at the 
end, leffening gradually to the bafe, light green, when 
bruifed emitting a drong odour like favin. The branches 
are terminated by loofe fpikes of flowers, which are fome¬ 
times formed into a kind of pyramid, and at others they 
are difpofed.more in form cf-an umbel. The peduncle of 
each flower is near three inches long'. The petals are 
roundifh at the-top, but are contradled to narrow' tails or 
claws at their bafe; they fpread open, and are beautifully- 
variegated with a deep red or orange colour, yellow, and 
fome loots of green ; they have a very agreeable odour, 
the dyle and damens are above three inches long. The 
legume is about the fame length, broad and flat, divided; 
into three or four or more cells by trunfverfe partitions, in 
each of which is one flattifli irregular feed. Linnaeus ob- 
ferves, that the common petiole of the leaf has one gland 
at the bafe, and another at the upper pair; and that the - 
partial petiole has two dagger points above the bafe. This' 
beautiful plant is a native of both-Indies-.- It is planted in 
hedges to divide the lands in Barbadoes, whence it has 
the name cAfow-er-fence ; it is alfcrcalled Spanijk carnations 
in fome of our iilands in the Wed Indies. Sir Hans Sloar.e 
calls it alfo wild fena, and Dr. Patrick b’Cwn Barbadoes 
pride-, tire French name it poinciacU, or ferns de Paradis. 
Ligon fays, the feeds were- fird carried to Barbadoes from 
the Cape de Verd idands, It is certain however, fays Mr. 
Miller, that Dr. Houdoun found it at Jamaica, in woods • 
at a great didance from any fettlements : he allo-found it 
at la Vera Cruz and Campcachy. Jasquin informs us- 
that it is common in tire Caribbec iflands. Browne is of 
opinion-that it is not indigenous in Jamaica, but- was car¬ 
ried there from fome of the otter colonies.- There are' 
varieties in the colour of the corolla, fome having been 
found with a red, and" others with a-.yellow, flower, in 
in the Spanifn-Wed Indies, by Dr. Houdoun. All parts- 
of the plant are thought to be very powerful-enimena-• 
gogucs-, and are frequently ufed for that purpofe among, 
the negroes. It w-as-XuLtivated in 1691, in-the botanic, 
garden at Chellea. 
3. Caefalpinia fappan, or narrow-leaved prickly brad-- 
letto, or fappan-wood : prickly; leaflets oblong-oval,. 
unequal-dded, blunt; they and the calyxes finooth-j .-da-- 
n.aas 
