600 C A I 
CAT'MAN. See Cayman. 
CARMAN,/. A fpecies of crocodile. See Lacerta. 
CAIN, eldeft foil of Adam and Eve, killed his brother 
Abel ; for which he was condemned to banifhrrient and a 
vagabond (late of life. Cain retired to the land of Nod, 
on the call of Eden ; and built a city, to which he gave 
the name of Ins fon Enoch. 
CAIN'ITES, a left of heretics in the fecond century, 
fo called on account of their great refpeft for Cain. They 
pretended that the virtue which produced Abel was of 
an order inferior to that which had produced Cain, and 
that this was the reafon why Cain had the victory over 
Abel, and killed him; for they admitted a, great number 
of genii, which they called virtues, of different ranks and 
orders. They made profedion of honouring thofe who 
carry in feripture the mod vilible marks of reprobation; 
as the inhabitants of Sodom, Efau, Korah, Dathan, and 
Abiram. They had, in particular, a very great venera¬ 
tion for the traitor judas, under pretence that by his apof- 
tacy the death of Jefus Chrift had faved mankind. 
CAINI'TO,/. in botany. Chrysoph yllum. 
To CAJO'LE, v. a. \_cageollcr, Fr.] To flatter; to 
footh ; to coax. A low word: 
Thought he, ’ tis no mean part of civil 
State prudence, to c-ajole the devil. Hudibras. 
CAJO'LER,/I A flatterer; a wheedler. 
CAJO'LERY,/ [ cajolerie , Fr.] Flattery. 
CAI'RA, a river of South America, which runs into 
the Oronokq. Lat.7. 16. N. Ion. 47. 15. W. Ferro. 
CxAIR'NEY, a town of Scotland, in the county of 
Aberdeen, where the linen manufacture has been lately 
introduced, and bids fair to flourifli. It is eight miles 
weft of Aberdeen. 
CAIRNGOR'RA, a mountain of Scotland, in the north- 
ealt part of the county of Invernefs ; famous for the beau¬ 
tiful pebbles found there, Come of which are capable of 
receiving a high polifli. 
CAIRNS, or Carnes, f. ancient piles or heaps of 
(tones, which are to be feeu in many places of Britain, 
particularly Scotland and Wales. They are compofed of 
(tones of all dimenfions thrown together in a conical form, 
a flat (tone crowning the apex. Various caufes have been 
afligned by the learned for thefe heaps of (lones. They 
have fuppofed them to have been, in times of inaugura¬ 
tion, the places where the chieftain-eledt flood to (hew 
himfelf to belt advantage to the people ; or the place from 
whence judgment was pronounced ; or to have been ereCt- 
,ed on the road-fide in honour of Mercury; or to have 
been formed in memory of fome folemn compact, particu¬ 
larly where accompanied by (landing pillars of (tones ; or 
for the celebration of certain religious ceremonies. Such 
might have been tire reafons, in fome inflances, where the 
.evidences of flone-chefls and urns are wanting : but thefe 
are fo generally found, that they feem to determine the 
mod itfual purpofe of the piles in queftion to have been 
for fepulchral monuments. Even this deftination might 
render them fuitable to other purpofes; particularly reli¬ 
gious, to which by their nature they might be fuppofed 
to give additional folemnity. According to Toland, fires 
were kindled on the tops or flat (tones, at certain times of 
the year, particularly on the eves of the firft of May and 
the ifi of November, for the purpofe of facrificing ; at 
which time all the people, having extinguiflied their do- 
meftic hearths, rekindled them from the (acred fires of the 
cairns. In general, therefore, thefe accumulations appear 
to have been defigned for the fepulchral protection of 
heroes and great men. The (tone-chefls, the repofitory 
of the urns and afhes, are lodged in the earth beneath : 
fometimes only one, Come times more, are found thus de- 
pofited ; and Mr. Pennant mentions an inftance of (even- 
teen being difeovered under the fame pile. 
CAIRNS'MOOR, a mountain of Scotland, in the coun¬ 
ty of Kircudbright, twelve miles fouth-foutfr-weft of New 
Galloway. 
C A I 
CAl'RO, El Kahera, or Grand Cairo, a city of 
Egypt, built about the year 795, by order of the khalif 
Kairvan, a little to the ea(t of the Nile, on a-Canal which 
was dug from the Nile to the Red Sea, by order of the 
khalif Omar, when Egypt was firft taken by the Arabians; 
this canal, now through negleft filled up, between Cairo 
and the Red Sea, reaches no farther than the Birket el 
Hadsji, or Lake of the Pilgrims. About two centuries 
after, the walls were built, which meafured three leagues 
in circumference. In the fifteenth century, it was one of 
the richeft and mod flourifliing cities in the world; the 
emporium of Egypt and Alia, with merchants that traded 
from India to the (traits of Gibraltar ; canals were made 
to aflilt its commerce, and arts and fciences were cultiva¬ 
ted. It was taken by fultan Selim, in the year 1517, and 
has from that time been fubjedt to the Turks, and go¬ 
verned by a pacha. The pacha has only a nominal autho¬ 
rity ; the real power refides in the beys, or governors of 
the provinces. Thefe have long been the fovereigns of 
Egypt, for the grand feignior’s reprefentative is a phantom 
with which they fport: they keep him to ferve their own 
purpofes, then difmifs him with (liame. He cannot leave 
his palace, in which he is a prifoner, without permiflion. 
The caftle of Cairo (lands on a deep rock, and is furround- 
ed with thick walls, on which are ftrong towers. It was 
a place of great force before the invention of gunpowder; 
but, being commanded by the neighbouring mountains, it 
would not (land the fire of a battery eredted there, two 
hours. It is more than the fourth of a league in circum¬ 
ference; the rock being deep, there are two roads cut to 
it, which lead to doors guarded by aflabs and janizaries. 
The firft: watch the lower part of the fortrefs, and the 
others what is properly called the citadel; whence, with 
fix wretched pieces of artillery, turned on the palha’s apart¬ 
ment, they oblige him to retire, as foon as the beys have 
given tlie command. Jofeph’s well, made by a vizir of 
that name, about 700 years fince, by order of fultan Ma¬ 
homet, is among the the mod curious things the caftle 
contains. It is funk in the rock 280 feet deep, and forty- 
in circumference. It includes two excavations, not per¬ 
pendicular to each other. A (taircafe, the defeent of which 
is exceedingly gentle, is carried round ; the partition which 
feparates this (taircafe from the well is part of the rock, 
left only fix inches thick, with windows cut at intervals 
to give light; but, as they are fmall, and fome of them 
low, it is neceflary to defcend by the light of candles. 
There is a refervoir, and a level fpace, at that part of the 
well where it takes a new direction, and oxen, which turn 
a machine that draws water from the bottom of the well. 
Other oxen above raife it from this refervoir by a fimilar 
machine. This water comes from the Nile ; and, as it 
has been filtered through fund impregnated with fait and 
nitre, is brackifti. Contrary to the general cuftom of the 
eaft, the houfes have two and three (lories, over which is 
a terrace of (tone or tiles; in general, they are of earth 
and bricks badly burnt; the reft: are of foft (tone, of a fine 
grain, procured from a neighbouring mountain. All thefe 
houfes have the air of prifons, for they have no light from 
the ftreet ; as it is extremely dangerous to have many wiri- 
dows in fuch a country. They take every precaution to 
make the entering door very low. The rooms within are 
ill contrived. Among the great, however, are to be found 
a few ornaments and conveniences : their vaft halls, efpe- 
cially thofe in which water fpouts up into marble bafons, 
are peculiarly well adapted to the climate. The paved 
floor, inlaid with marble and coloured earthen-ware, is 
covered with mats and mattreftes, and overall is fpread a 
rich carpet, on which they fit crofs-legged. Around the 
wall is a fort of fofa, with cufhions to fupport the back 
and elbows; and above, at the height of feven or eight 
feet, a range of (helves, decked out with China and Ja- 
pan.efe porcelain. The walls, naked in other refpedts, are 
chequered with fentences extradted from the Koran, and 
painted foliage and flowers, with which alfo the porticoes 
of the beys are covered; the windows have neither glafs 
