CAL 
ground, with houfes and trees upon them, were broken 
off from the plains, and wafted many furlongs down the 
deep hollows which the courfe of the rivers had worn ; 
there, to the aftoniftment and terror of beholders, they 
found a new foundation to fix upon, either in an upright 
or an inclining.pofition. In fuor’t, every fpecies of phe¬ 
nomenon, incident to thefe deftrut’live commotions of the 
earth, was to be feed in its utmoft extent and variety in 
this diftrelfed country. And, to add to all their other fuf- 
ferings, the Calabrians found themfelves and the mifera- 
ble wreck of their fortunes expofed to the depredations of 
robbers and pirates. Villains landed from boats and plun¬ 
dered feveral places, and thieves went even from Naples 
in fearch of booty : in order to drike a greater terror, they 
deeded themfelves like Algerines ; but were difeovered 
and driven off. To this accumulated diftrefs fucceeded a 
molt inclement feafon, which obllrufled every effort made 
to alleviate it; and almoft daily earthquakes kept the in¬ 
habitants in continual dread of being fwallow'ed up by the 
Fplitting of the earth, or buried in the waves by fonie hid¬ 
den inundation. For particulars concerning this dread¬ 
ful cataftrophe, and the phenomena attending it, fee 
Earthquake. 
CALABRl'TA, a towm of European Turkey, in the 
•the Morca : thirty-eight miles weft of Corinth. 
CALABU'R A,/. in botany. See Muntingia. 
C ALACHK'RIN, a town of Perlia, in the province of 
Irak: 125 miles weft of Amadan. 
CALACUC'CIO, a town of the ifland of Corfica: ten 
miles north of Corte. 
CALA'DE,y. in horfemanftip, is the defeent or Hop¬ 
ing declivity of a riling manege ground ; being a fmall en¬ 
trance upon which a horfe is rid feveral times round, be¬ 
ing put to a ftort gallop, w ith his fore-hams in the air, to 
make him learn to ply or bend his haunches. 
CALA'DIUM,/! in botany. See Arum. 
CA'LAF,/. in botany. See. Saux. 
CALAGORl'NA, or Cai.aguris, diftinguifned by 
the furname Nafica, anciently a city of the Vafcones in the 
Hither Spain ; now Calahokra. 
CALAHOR'RA, a town of Spain, in Old Caftile, near 
the fouth fide of the Ebro, on the borders of Navarre, ft 
is the fee of a biftop, and contains three parith churches 
and three convents : lixty-tw'o miles north-weft of Sara- 
golfa, and 136 north-north-eafl of Madrid. Lat.42. 18. N. 
Ion.*14. 45. E. Peak of Teneriffe. 
CA'LAIS, a feaport town of France, and principal 
place of a diftridt, in the department of the Straits of Ca¬ 
lais, ftrongly fortified and defended witli a citadel : the 
harbour is too much obftruCted with fand to admit large 
veffels, or even common merchant veffels, except at high 
water. In time of peace, here are regular packets for 
file mail to and from England; and other paffage-boats 
are continually palling between this place and Dover. It 
lias a communication, by means of canals, w ith St. Oilier, 
Gravelines, Bourbottrg, Dunkirk, &c. In the year 1228, 
it began to be fortified, being before a village belonging 
to the county of Boulogn. In 1308 it was furrounded 
witli walls; and in 1347, was fo (troug, that Edward HI. 
king of England, could only take it by ftarving the gar- 
rifon. (See England.) It continued attached to the 
Englift crown till the year 1558, wlien it was taken by 
the duke of Guile. By the treaty at Catena Cambrefis, 
it was agreed, that Calais iliould, after the expiration of 
eight years, be reftored to England ; and, at the expiration 
of that term, queen Elizabeth fent fome troops to recover 
it, but the furrender was refnfed, becaufe, five years be¬ 
fore, the Englift had taken Havre, and violated the terms 
of the treaty. In 1596, it was taken by the Spaniards, 
under the conduct of the archduke Albert, but was re¬ 
fiored two years after, by the peace of Vervins. Calais 
was bombarded by the Englift under Sir Cloudelly Sho¬ 
vel, in 1694, but without fuftaining much damage. It 
contains only one parifh, and between 4000 and 5000 in¬ 
habitants : five polls fouth-wefi of Dunkirk, and tliirty- 
C A L 603 
four and a half north of Paris. Lat. 50. jS. N. Ion. 19. 
31. E. Ferro. 
CA'LAIS and ZE'TES, in fabulous hifiory, two bro¬ 
thers, fonsof Boreas and Orithya. They made a vovage 
to Colchis with the Argonauts; and drove away the Har. 
pies from Thrace. They are (aid to have had their (boul¬ 
ders covered with golden feales, wings at their feet, and 
long hair. 
CA'LAMA, a town of Italy, in the kingdom of Na¬ 
ples, and province of Calabria Ultra: fix miles nonh¬ 
ead: of Reggio. 
C A LA M AGROS'TIS,yi in botany. See Arundo. 
CALAMAN'CO f. [a word derived, probably by fome 
accident, from calamancus, Lat. which, in the middle ages, 
fignified a hat.] A kind of woollen fluff.—He was of a 
bulk and fiature larger than ordinary, had a red coat, Hung 
open to fhew a. calamanco waiftcoat. Taller. 
CALAMA'RIA,/. in botany. See Isoetes. 
CALAMA'RlHi, f. [from calamus , Lat. a reed.] In 
botany, the thirteenth order in Linnaeus’s Fragments of a 
Natural Arrangement, in Philofophia Botanica; and the 
third of the Natural Orders, at the end of Genera Planta- 
rum. It contains the fedges, and other plants allied to 
the grades. 
CALAtVT A'TA, a town of European Turkey, in the 
Morea, on the river Spinazza; taken by the Venetians in 
1683, but afterwards retaken, with the reft of Morea, by 
the Turks: thirteen miles weft of Mifutra. 
CALAME'DON,y! [front xaAafi®-, a reed.] A fort 
of frafture which runs along the bone in a ftraight line 
like a reed. 
CALAMIA'NES, a cinder of Blands in the Indian- 
Sea, among thole called the Philippine IJlands ; they are 
leventeen in number, one of which is 200 miles long, and 
thirty broad, divided between the king of Borneo and 
the Spaniards, with fome independent natives in the inte¬ 
rior parts, wdio live without chiefs and without laws : 
they are black, and have no fixed places of abode. About 
1200 on the fea*:oaft have fubmitted to the Spaniards, 
who have a garrifon at a place called Tatay. The coun¬ 
try is mountainous; it produces fome rice, and great 
quantities of wax and honey. Lat. 3. 30. S. Ion. 118. 45. 
E. Greenwich. 
CA'LAMINE, Calamy, Lapis Cai.aminaris, or 
Cadmia Fossilis, f. [from calamus, Lat. a reed.] A 
metallic mineral, of a grey, brown, yellow, or pale red, 
colour, and fometimes of all thefe colours varioufly mix¬ 
ed ; it is heavy and hard, but not fo as to (hike fire with 
fteel. It is of a middle nature betwixt ftone and earth, 
produced in copper mines, and thofe of lead and iron ; it 
is found in England, Germany, and other countries, ei¬ 
ther in dillinct mines, or intermixed with the ores of lead 
or other metals. It is an ore of zinc, and contains a fmall 
■portion of iron. It is generally calcined before it is appli¬ 
ed to medical ufes, in order to feparate its fulphureou-s 
and arfenical particles, and alfo to render it more ealily 
reducible into powder. Calamine is ranked by Mr. Ed¬ 
wards, in his Elements of Foftlogy, as a cryptometalline 
ftone, and its varieties as fo many fpecies of the zinc-ftone 
genus: fome are varieties of the zinc floffes; they are 
tranfparent or gloffy. The quantity of zinc is variable in 
different parcels of this ore. In the Berlin Memoirs 
Marggraf fays, that from z-i6ths to 7-16ths o{ the weight 
of the ore is pure metal. The common fort in our (hop's 
in England frequently affords 9-i6ths. It is an error of 
fome writers, who fay that the calamy is a recrement of 
melted copper, and that tutty is a recrement of melted 
brafs; though it is true that the bell calamy is what (licks 
to the iron rods ufed in (lining the matter in the furnaces 
while*brafs is making. Though the calamine ftone is an 
ore of zinc, it is not.the only one; for,zinc is found in the 
ore of lead, and of other metals. The principal ufe of 
this mineral is for converting copper into brafs, which it 
does by its metallic part mixing with the copper while it 
is in a Hate of fufion. See Brass, For medicinal ufes 
the 
