60S CAL 
widening into a very large deltoid lobe, irregularly tooth- 
letted, .1 little revolute ; flowers in bundles at the tops ot 
the branches. Found in New Granada, by Mutis. 
4. Calceolaria nana, or dwarf flipperwort: fcapes one- 
•flowered, leaves ovate, quite entire. 5. Calceolaria plan- 
taginea, or plantain-leaved flipper-wort: (capes few-flow¬ 
ered, leaves rhombed, ferrate. Stem none. Found by 
Commerfon in the Straits of Magellan. 
6. Calceolaria ovata: fteni branching, leaves ovate, cre- 
nate. Root annual, fibrous ; fiem eredl, round, hairy. 
Found in Peru by Dombey. It flowered in the royal gar¬ 
den at Paris in 1781. 
7. Calceolaria fothergillii, or fpatula-leaved flipper- 
wort : leaves (patulate, quite entire; peduncles fcape- 
fonn, one-flowered. Stem fcarcely an inch high, fubdi- 
vided near the root; leaves oppofite, petioled, obtufe, 
hairy above, fcarcely an inch long; flowering from May 
to A it guff. Native of Falkland iflands. Introduced in 
1 :77 bv John Fothergill, M-D. 
Propagation and Culture. The firfl, which is the only 
fpecies, except the laft, yet cultivated among 11s, may ea- 
filv be raifed from feed, fown on a gentle hot-bed in the 
fpring. The feedlings, when of a proper fize, are to be 
tranfplanted into the borders of the flower-garden, where 
they will flower, ripen and fcatter their feeds; but, being 
a (mail delicate plant, the beauties of which require a clofe 
infpedtion, it appears to mod advantage in a tan-flove, 
where, as it will grow from cuttings, it may be had in 
flower all the year through, by planting them in fucceflion. 
See Vi ot.a. 
C ALCE'OLUS, f. in botany. See Aconitum, Cy- 
PRIPEDIUM, and KiEMPFERIA. 
CALCE'TUM, CALCE'A,/! [from calx, Lat. chaux, 
Fr. whence their chavJJ'ee and our cauftway, or path raifed 
with earth, and paved with chalk-Aones, or gravel ] A 
common hard way, maintained and repaired with fiones 
and rubbilh. Calccarium operationcs were the work and la¬ 
bour done by the adjoining tenants : and calcagium was 
the tax or contribution paid by the neighbouring inhabi¬ 
tants towards the makingand repairing fitch common roads; 
from which fome perfons were efpecially exempted by 
royal charter. Rennet's Glojf. 
CAL'CIIAS, a famous foothfayer, fon of Theflor, who 
accompanied the Grecian army to Troy, and predicted 
that the fiege fliould laft ten years, and that the winds 
would not be favourable till after the facrifice of Iphigenia, 
daughter of Agamemnon. After the taking of Troy he 
went to Colophon, where he died raving mad, becaufe he 
could not foretel thofe things which Mopfus, another 
foothfayer, had ; for it was his deftiny to die when he 
found a man more ikilful than himfelf in divination. Homer. 
CALCIA'NA, a town of Italy, in the kingdom of Na¬ 
ples, and province of Bafilicata : (ixteen miles fouth-eaft 
of Acerenza. 
C ALC 1 GR A'DUS.y. [fromca/.v, the heel, and gradus, 
Lat. a liep.] One who in walking bears too much on his 
heel. 
CAI.CINAl'A, a town of Italy, in the duchy of Tuf- 
cany : twelve miles eaft of Pifa. 
To CAL'CINATE. See To Calcine. — In hardening, 
by baking without melting, the heat hath thefe degrees; 
firfl, it indurateth, then maketh fragile, and laftly it doth 
calcinate. Bacon. 
C ALCIN A'TION, f. [from calcine ; calcination , Fr.] 
A term in chemiftry. The fixed refidues of fuch bodies as 
have undergone combuftion, are called cinders in common 
language, and calx, or calces, by chemifts; and the ope¬ 
ration, when conlidered with regard to thefe refidues, is 
termed calcination. In this general way it has likewife 
been applied to bodies not really combuflible, but only 
deprived of fome of their principles by heat. Thus we 
hear of the calcination of chalk, to convert it into lime, 
by driving off its fixed air and water ; of gypfum or plat¬ 
ter (lone, of alum, of borax, and other (aline bodies, by 
which they are deprived of their water of cryftallization ; 
CAL 
of bones, which lofe their volatile parts by this treatment; 
and of various other bodies. This application of the 
term is nevertlieiefs at prefent avoided by cbemifls, who 
in general confider it as improper, and confine the term 
to the only clafs of bodies truly combuflible, which leave 
a large fixed refidue after combuflion; namely, metals. 
When a metallic fubftance is expofed to a confiderable 
heat with accefsof refpirable air, its external part becomes 
gradually converted into a calx of a dull earthy appear¬ 
ance, lefs fufible, and of a lefs fpecific gravity, than the 
metal itfelf, brittle or friable when cold, and weighing 
upon the whole more than the regulus which afforded it. 
The metals called perfeEl are not calcinable by the heat of 
common furnaces ; and among the femi-metals there are 
fome whofe calces are confiderably volatile, and rife in the 
form of flowers. The calcination of metals is indubitably 
an effcift of the fame nature as other combuftions, and is 
confidered as fuch by all cbemifls. But, as the theories of 
combuftion differ, the explanations rnuft vary accordingly. 
In the ancient theory of Stahl, metals, like other com¬ 
buflible bodies, were confidered as compounds of one ge¬ 
neral principle of inflammability, united to a particular 
bads in each. This principle, called phlogijlon, was fup- 
pofed to be driven off during combuftion, and to leave 
the bafe or metallic calx behind it. Various hypothefes 
were propofed to account for the increafed weight of the 
calces, which was firfl truly accounted for by Mayovv;, 
who aferibed it to the abforption of air. When modern 
difeoveries had re-eftablifhed this truth, that the refpirable 
art of the air is abforbed in combuftion, the adherents of 
talil found it neceffary to modify their dodlrine by attri¬ 
buting the extrication of phlogifton to an effedl of affinity. 
In this way the inflammable principle was Laid to be ex¬ 
pelled by the ftronger affinity of the air to the calx, at the 
temperature of the experiment; or otherwife, admitting 
the matter of heat to have a feparate exiftence, it was 
fuppofed to quit the elaftic fluid air, at the time of its 
condenfation, and unite with the phlogifton, which was 
affirmed to make its efcape in the flame. The modem 
theory of the antiphlcgiftians, rejedling altogether the ex¬ 
iftence of a principle of inflammability, aferibes more 
juftly the whole effedl to the air which enters into combi¬ 
nation. In this a metal is a fitnple fubftance, and a calx 
is a metal united to a portion of vital air. 
The calcination of metals is effedled by the mere accefs 
of the vital air of the atmofphere, provided the tempera¬ 
ture be raifed to a fufficient height. Nitre greatly accele¬ 
rates this effedl, becaufe it affords vital air by the decom- 
polition of its acid when duly heated. The acids likewife 
calcine metals without, in general, requiring any external 
application of heat. Nitrous acid, being more readily de- 
compofed than any other, is accordingly more adlive in the 
calcination of metals. In this procefs the vital air of the 
acid unites with (and perhaps dephlogifticates) the metal, 
while the other part of the acid, namely, the phlogifticat- 
ed air, flies off, either alone or in the form of nitrous air. 
The calx is either dilfolved or precipitated, accordingly as 
it contains a lefs or greater quantity of vita! air ; this fub- 
ftance appearing to be the medium of fufpenfion, to which 
the calx has no tendency if completely faturated. When 
vitriolic acid is employed in the calcination and folution 
of a metal, the part of the acid which flies off is fulphur, 
more or lefs acidified, in the form of fulphureous or vola¬ 
tile vitriolic acid. 
CALCINA'TO, a town of Italy, belonging to the ter¬ 
ritory of Venice, in the Brifan, where the imperial troops, 
were defeated by the duke of Vendome, in the year 1706 ; 
eight miles fouth-eaft of Brefcia. 
CALCl'N ATORY.y; A veffel ufed in calcination. 
To CALCI'NE, v. a. [ calciner , Fr. from calx, Lat.] 
To burn in the fire to a calx, or friable fubftance. See 
Chemistry. —The folids feern to be earth, bound toge¬ 
ther with fome oil ; for if a bone be calcined, fo as the 
leaft force will crumble it, being inmierfed in oil, it will 
grow firm again. Arbuthmt .—To burn up : 
