CAL 
Fiery difpirtes that union have calcin'd, 
Almoft as many minds as men We find. Denham. 
To CALCI'NE, v. n. To became a calx by heat—This 
chryflal is a pellucid filTile done, clear as water, and with¬ 
out colour, enduring a red heat without lofing its tranfpa- 
rency, and, in a very ftrong heat, calcining without i'ufion. 
Newt on. 
CALCI'OPE, the daughter of TEtes, king of Colchis, 
and fitter of Medea. She married Phryxus, who had fled 
to her father’s court for protection, and by him had feve- 
ral children. Phryxus was aflaflinated by her fatJter, to 
get poflellion of the golden fleece ; upon which Calciopc, 
deflgning to carry her children privately into Greece, was 
fhipwrecked on an illand, where the waited till the arrival 
of Jafon, who took them back to Colchis. 
CALCITRA’PA,/ in botany. See Centaurea and 
Valeriana. 
CALCITR APOLDES./l in botany. See Centaurea. 
CALCO'GR APHY,/ [of brafs, and 
Gr. writing.] The writing or engraving on brafs. 
CAL'CULARY of a PEAR,/. A congeries of little 
knots difperfed tlirough the whole parenchyma of the 
fruit. The calculary is mod obferved in rough-taded or 
choak pears. The knots lie more continuous and compact 
together towards the pear where they furround the Ace- 
tary. About the dalk they dand more Aidant; but to¬ 
wards the cork, or dool of the flower, they dill grow 
clofer, and there at lad gather into the firmnefs of a plumb- 
done. The calculary is no vital or elfential part of the 
fruit; the feveral knots whereof it confids being only fo 
many concretions or precipitations out of the lap, as we 
fee in urines, wines, and other liquors. 
To CAL'CULATE, a. «. [ caiculer, Fr. from calculus, 
Lat. a little done or bead, ufed in operations of numbers.] 
To compute ; to reckon ; as, lie calculates his expences. 
To compute the fituation of the planets at any certain 
time : 
A cunning man did calculate my birth 
And told me, that by water I Ihould die. Shakefpcare. 
To adjud ; to project for any certain end.—The reafon- 
ablenefs of religion clearly appears, as it tends fo directly 
to the happinefs of men, and is, upon all accounts, calcu¬ 
lated for our benefit. Tillotfon. 
To CAL'CULATE, v. n. To make a computation. 
C ALCUL A'TION,/ A practice, or manner of rec¬ 
koning; the art of numbering.—Cypher, that great friend 
to calculation; or rather, which changeth calculation into 
eafy computation. Holder. —A reckoning; the refult of 
arithmetical operation.—Being different from calculations 
of the ancients, theirobfervations confirm notours. Brown. 
CALCULATOR,/. A perfon who makes or performs 
calculations. It is alio the name given by Mr. Fergufon 
to a machine in the lhape of an orrery, which he condruft- 
ed for exhibiting the motions of the earth and moon, and 
refolving a variety of adronomical problems. 
CAL'CULATORY, adj. Belonging to calculation. 
C AL'CULE, f. [calculus, Lat.] Reckoning ; compute : 
ohfolete. —The general calcule, which was made in the lad 
perambulation, exceeded eight millions. Howel. 
CAI.'CULOUS, or Calculose, adj. [from calculus, 
Lat.] Stony; gritty.—The volatile fait of urine will co¬ 
agulate fpirits of wine ; and thus, perhaps, the dones, or 
ca/culofe concretions in the kidney or bladder, may be pro¬ 
duced. Brown. —I have found, ,by opening the kidneys of 
a calculous perfon, that the done is formed earlier than I 
have fuggeded. Sharp. 
CAL'CULUS,/. Primarily denotes a little done or peb¬ 
ble, anciently ufed in making computations, taking of fuf- 
frages, playing at games, &c. In after-times, pieces of 
ivory, and counters druck of filver, gold, and other mat¬ 
ters, were ufed in lieu of them, but dill retaining the an¬ 
cient name. Computifls were by the lawyers called calcu- 
lones, when they were either flaves, or newly freed men ; 
thofe of a better condition were named calculators or vu- 
Vol. HI. No. 151. 
C A L' 609 
merarii; ordinarily there was one of thefe in each family 
of didinction. The Roman judges anciently gave their 
opinions by calculi, which were white for abfolution, and 
black for condemnation. Hence calculus albus, in ancient 
writers, denotes a favourable vote, either in a perfon to 
be abfolved and acquitted of a charge, or elected to fome 
dignity or pod ; calculus niger implies the contrary. This 
ufage is faid to have been borrowed from the Thracians, 
who marked their happy or profperous days by white, and 
their unhappy by black, pebbles, put each night into an 
urn. Befides the diverfity of colour, there were fome cal¬ 
culi alfo which had figures or characters engraven on them, 
as thofe which were in ufejn taking the fulfrages both in 
the fenate and at affemblics of the people. Thefe calculi 
were made of thin wood, polifhed and covered over with 
wax. Their form is fiill feen in fome medals of the Galliau 
family; and the manner of calling them into the urns, i.u 
the medals of the Licinian family. 'I his term is alfo ufed 
in ancient grammatic writers for a kind of weight equal to 
two grains of cicer. Some make it equivalent to the fiii- 
qua, which is equal to three grains of barley. Two cal¬ 
culi made the ceratium. 
CA L'CULUS,/.- in the mathemat ics denotes a certain 
way of performing particular invefiigations and refolutions. 
Thus we fay, the Arithmetical or Numerical Calculus, 
the Algebraical Calculus, the Differential Calculus, the 
Exponential Calculus, the Fluxional Calculus, the Inte¬ 
gral Calculus, the Literal or Symbolical Calculus, See. 
Arithmetical or Numerical CAL'CULUS, is the method 
of performing arithmetical computations by numbers. See 
Arithmetic and Number. 
Algebraical, Literal, or Symbolical, CAL'CULUS, is the 
method of performing algebraical calculations by letters 
or other fymbols. See Algebra. 
Differential CAL'CULUS, is the arithmetic of the inde¬ 
finitely fmall differences of variable quantities ; a mode of 
computation much ufed by foreign mathematicians, and in¬ 
troduced by Leibnitz, as fimilar to the method of Fluxions 
of Newton. See Differential. 
Exponential CAL'CULUS, is the applying the fluxional 
or differential methods to exponential quantities ; fuch as 
a x , or x x , or ay x , Sec. See Exponential. 
Fluxional CAL'CULUS, is the method of fluxions, in¬ 
vented by Newton. See Fluxions. 
Integrate A L'CULUS, oeSummatorius, is a method 
of integrating, or fumming up differential quantities ; and 
is fimilar to the finding of fluents. See Integral and 
Fluent. 
CAL'CULUS LITE'RALIS, or Literal Calcu¬ 
lus, is the fame w ith algebra, or fpecious arithmetic, fo 
called from its ufingthe letters of the alphabet; in contra- 
diftindtion to numeral arithmetic, in which figures are ufpd. 
Antecedental CAL'CULUS, a geometrical method of 
roafoning, without any confideration of motion or velocity, 
lately fuggefted by Mr. Glenie, as applicable to every 
purpofe to which the much-celebrated doctrine of fluxions 
of the illuflrious Newton has been, or can be, applied. 
Thofe who wifli to inveftigate this recondite fpeculation, 
may confult Mr. Glenie’s Treatife on the Doctrine of 
Univerfal Companion or general Proportion; and the 
fourth volume of Tranfadtions of the Royal Society of 
Edinburgh. 
CAL'CULUS, f. in medicine, the difeafe of the (lone 
or gravel in the bladder, or kidneys. See Medicine, 
and Surgery. Human calculi are commonly formed of 
different (trata or incruftations ; fomeiimes fmooth and 
heavy, like mineral Hones ; but oftener rough, fpongy, 
light, and full of inequalities or protuberances : chemi¬ 
cally analyfed, or diddled in an open fire, they nearly yield 
the fame principles as urine itfelf, or at lead an emuyreu- 
matic volatile urinous matter, together with a great.tkil 
of air. They never have, nor can have, naturally, any 
foreign matter fora bafts; but they may by accident : an 
indance of which is related by Dr. Percival,.in his Fffa.ys, 
vol. iii. p. 165. A bougie had unfortunately flipped into 
7 / ' the 
