CAL 
which they could receive fcarcely any circulation of frefli 
air. They had been but a few minutes confined, before 
every one fell into a perfpiration fo profufe, that no idea 
can be formed of it. T his brought on a raging third, 
which increafed in proportion as the body was drained of 
its moifture. Various expedients were thought of to give 
more room and air. Every man was (tripped, and every 
hat put in motion; they feveral times fat down on their 
hams; but at each time feveral of the poor■ creatures 
fell, and were inftantly f'uffocated or trodden to death. Be¬ 
fore nine o’clock their third grew intolerable, and refpira- 
tion difficult. Efforts were made to force the door, but 
in vain. Many infults were ufed to the guards, to pro¬ 
voke them to tire in upon the prifoners, who grew outra¬ 
geous, and many delirious. “ Water, water,” became 
the general cry. Some water was brought; but thefe 
fupplies, like fprinkling water on fire, only ferved to raife 
and feed the flames. The confufion became general, and 
horrid from the cries and ravings of the fufferers. This 
fcene of mifery proved entertainment to the brutal wretches 
without, who fupplied them with water, that they might 
have the fatisfaflion of feeing them fight for it, as they 
phrafed it; and held up lights to the bars, that they 
might lofe no,part of the inhuman diverfion. Before ele¬ 
ven o’clock, mofl of the gentlemen were dead, and one- 
third of the whole. Third grew intolerable; but Mr. 
Holwell kept his mouth moilt by fucking the perfpiration 
out of his ihirt-fleeves, and catching the drops as they fell, 
like heavy rain, from his head and face. By half art hour 
after eleven, mod of the living were in an outrageous de¬ 
lirium. They found that water heightened their uneall- 
nefifes; and “ Air, air,” was the general cry. Every in- 
fult that could be deviled againft the guard, all the op¬ 
probrious names that the viceroy and his officers could be 
loaded withy were repeated, to provoke the guard to fire 
upon them. Every man had eager hopes of meeting the 
fil'd diot. Then a general prayer to heaven, to haflen the 
approach of the flames to the right and left of them, and 
put a period to their mifery. Some expired on others ; 
while a (learn arofe as well from the living as the dead, 
which proved very offeofive. About two in the morning, 
they crowded fo much to the windows, that many died 
{landing, unable to full bv the throng and equal prelfure 
round. When the day broke, the (tench arifing from the 
dead bodies was infufferable. At that jundlure, the fou- 
bah, who had received an account of the havoc death had 
made among them, feat one of his officers to enquire if 
the chief furvived. Mr. Holwell was (hewn to him ; and 
near fix, an order came for their releafe. Thus they had 
remained in this infernal prifon from eight at night until 
fix in the morning, when the poor remains of 146 foiils, 
being only twenty-three, came out alive, but mod of them 
in a high putrid fever. The dead bodies were dragged 
out of the hole by the foldiers, and thrown promifeuoufly 
into the ditch of an unfinifhed ravelin, which was after¬ 
wards filled with earth. The year following, Calcutta 
was retaken by colonel Clive,,and foon after Surajah Dow. 
Jah was defeated at the battle of Plaffey, and depofed by 
Jaffier Ali Cavvn, one of his principal officers, who was 
made nabob in his room, which, with the defeat and fub- 
fequent death of the nabob, gave the Britifti an unlimited 
power and influence over the whole country of Bengal. 
Calcutta is the refidence of the governor and council of 
Bengal: the feat of juftice under four judges, who dif- 
• penfe judgment according to the laws of England. Lat. 
22. 37. N. Ion. 88. 30. E. Greenwich. 
CALDA'O, a river of Portugal, which runs into the 
fea, at Setuval. > 
CALDA'RIUM, f. in the ancient baths, denoted a 
brazen velfel or cittern, placed in the hypocauflum,. full 
«f hot water, to be.drawn thence into the pifeina or bath, 
to give it tire neceflary degree of heat. In this fenfe the 
ealdariufn flood contradiftinguifhed from the tepid.an.um and 
frigidanuhi- Caldarium alfo denoted the (love, or fudatory, 
being a clofe vaulted room,, wherein by hot dry fumes, 
CAL 611 
without water, people were brought to a profufe fweat. 
In which fenfe, caldarium. was the fame w ith what was 
otherwife denominated vaporariumfudatorium, and lacomum ; 
in the Greek baths, hypocaufum, vToxetvrop. 
CAI/DAS, a town of Portugal, in the province of EC 
tramadura ; thirteen miles eaft of Peniche. 
CAL'DAS DE REY, a town of Spain, in Gallicia : 
twenty miles fouth of Santiago. 
CAL'DER, a river of England, which runs into the 
Aire, about two miles north of Pontefract, in York (hire. 
CAL'DER, a river of England, which runs into the 
Kibble, three miles fouth of Clitheroe, in Lancalhire. 
CAL'DER-WA'TER, a river of Scotland, which runs 
into the Clyde, about five miles above Glafgow. 
CAI.DE'RA, a fea-port of South America, in the coun¬ 
try of Chili, on the coaft of the Pacific Ocean. Lat. 26. 
48. S. Ion. 52. 35. W. Ferro. 
CALDERI'NO, a place of Italy in the Veronefe, cele¬ 
brated for its baths ; called alfo, The Baths of Verona. 
CALDERI'NUS (Domitius), a learned critic, born at 
Calderia, near Verona. He read lectures upon polite li¬ 
terature at Rome, with great reputation; and was the firft 
who ventured to criticife upon the mod difficult of the an¬ 
cient poets. He died very voting, in 1477.. 
CALDERO'NI DE LA BAR'CA (Don Pedro), che¬ 
valier of the order of St. James, di linguifited himfelf as a 
foldicr. This profeffion he quitted to become an ecclefi- 
afiic, and was made pried and canon of Toledo. There 
are feveral dramatic pieces by him, in 9 vols. 4to. 1689, 
Madrid ; not to mention feveral others that have not been 
printed. The imagination of Calderoni was too fertile tor 
allowing him to be regular and correft. The rules of the 
drama are violated in almoft all his works. We perceive 
in his tragedies the irregularity of Shakefpeare, his eleva¬ 
tion and his degradation, flafliesof genius as firong, comic 
turns as much out of place, an inflation no lefs capricious, 
and the fame buflle of action and incident. This poet 
flourifhed about the year 1640. 
CAl.'DERWOOD (David), a famous divine of the 
church of Scotland, and a diftinguifhed writer in behalf 
of the prefbyterians, was defeended of a good family in 
that kingdom. Being early defigned for the miniltry, he 
applied with great diligence to the (Indy of the feriptures 
in their original tongues, the works ot the fathers, the 
councils, and the belt writers of church-hiftory. He was 
fettled, about 1604, at Crelling, in the fouth of Scotland. 
James VI. of that country, and the fil'd- of Great Britain, 
being defirous of bringing the church of Scotland to a 
near conformity with that of England, laboured earnedly 
to reftore the epifcopal authority, and enlarge the powers 
of the bifiiops in that kingdom : but this defig-n was warm¬ 
ly oppofed by many of the minifters, and particularly by 
David Calderwood, who, when James Law, bi(hop of Ork¬ 
ney, came to vifit the prefbyteries ot the Merle and le- 
viotdale, declined his juril'diCtion, by a paper under his 
hand, dated May 5, 1608. The king, however, having 
its fuccefs much at heart, fent the earl of Dunbar, Dr. 
Abbot, afterwards archbifliop of Canterbury, and two- 
other divines, into Scotland, with in dr uttions to employ 
every method to perfuade both the clergy and laity, of 
his majedy’s fincere delire to promote the good of the 
church, and of his.zeal for the protedant religion. Cal¬ 
derwood did not afiid at the general aflembly held at 
Glafgow, June 8, 1610, in which lord Dunbar pr-elided as 
commiffioner ; and it appears from his writings, that he 
looked upon every thing t ran failed in it as null and void. 
Exceptions were alfo taken by him and his-party, againft 
a great part of the proceedings of another general aflem¬ 
bly held at Aberdeen, Augud 13, 1616. In May follow¬ 
ing, king James went to Scotland, and in June held a par¬ 
liament at Edinburgh :.at the fame time the clergy met in 
-one of the churches, to hear and advife with the bifhops; 
which aflembly was contrived in imitation of the Engl 1 fit 
convocation. Mr. Calderwood was prelent at it, but de¬ 
clared publicly that he did not take any Inch meetings to 
re (enable 
