6 r 4 C A L 
of their chief- with fpeaTs, darts, paddles, &c. all fttick 
upright in the ground about it. They are of a pacific 
difpoliticn, and their women are far more challe than thole 
of the more eaftern Elands. 
CALEFAIClEN |, TfA, [. [from calcfacio, Lit. to be¬ 
come hot.] Such medicines as'warm the habit. They 
belong-to the clafs of ftimniants, and from the efHps"they 
produce are called calfacimi j. 
CALEFAC'TION, /I [ijom'calefacio, Lat.] The pro¬ 
duction cf heat in a body from the afiion of fire, or that 
iinpulfe irnpreffed by a hot body on others around it. This 
word is ufed in pharmacy, by way of diftinftion from coc- 
lion, which implies boiling. 
C ALEF AC/TIVE, jfflilj. [from ,c ale fa do, Lat.] Tliat 
which makes any thing hot ; heating. 
CALEFAC'TORY, adj. [from calefacio, Lat.] That 
which heats. 
To C AL'EFY, v. n. [calrjio , Lat.] To grow hot; to 
be heated. — Cr.yftal will calefy unto electricity ; that is, a 
power to’atfraft draws, or light bodies, and convert the 
needle, freely placed. Brown. 
To CA'LEFY, v.a. To make hot. 
CA'LEMUT, or Salamanis, a river of North Ame¬ 
rica, which runs into the Wabalh, twelve miles eaft from 
Eel Town, near which general Sinclair was defeated by 
the Indians, in the year 1791. 
CA'LENBERG, a principality of Germany, in the 
circle of Lower Saxony, which takes its name from an an¬ 
cient cadle now in ruins, (hunted on the I.eina, eleven 
miles Couth from Hanover. It is divided into two parts 
by the principality of Wolfenbuttel. The northern part 
is furrounded by the principality of Luneburg, the bi- 
fhopric of Hildefiieim, the principality of Wolfenbuttel, 
the counties of Pyrmont, Lippe, Schauenburg, Hoya, and 
Minder). The Couth part by die principalities of Wol¬ 
fenbuttel, Grubenhagen, Eichsfeld, and Lower HelFe. It 
confrjtutes a part of the duchy of Brunfwick, and iscom- 
pofed of ancient lord lb i ps, countries, and ecclefiaffical 
hates, united. The country is in fome parts mountainous, 
in fome marfliy, and others Tandy, but generally fertile; 
producing wheat, rye, barley, oats, tobacco, hops, flax, 
&c. There are numerous manufactures of woollen and 
linen, cotton and filk, in the different fliapes, both for 
home confumption and exportation. They reckon thirty- 
fix towns, great and (mail, the principal of which are Ha¬ 
nover, Hameln, Gottingen, and Newftadt. Tire principal 
rivers are the Leine 011 the eafl, and the Wefer on the wed. 
CA'LEND AR,y. [calcndarium, Lat.] A diftribudon 
of time as accommodated to the ufes of life ; or an alma¬ 
nac or table containing the order of days, weeks, months, 
feafls, &c. occurring in the courfe of the year; being fo 
called from the word ealendee, whicli among the Romans 
denoted the firfi days of every month, and anciently was 
written in large characters at the head of each month. See 
Almanac, Calends, Month, Time, Year, Sic. 
In calendars the days were, originally divided into offo- 
ades, or eights ; but afterwards, in imitation of the Jews, 
they were divided into hebdomades, or (evens, for what 
we now call a week: which euflom, Scaliger obferves, 
was not in ufe among the Romans till after the time of 
Theodofius. Divers calendars are eftablifhed in different 
countries, according to the different forms of the year, 
and didributions of rime : as the Perfian, the Roman, the 
Jewirti, the Julian, the Gregorian, &c. The ancient Ro¬ 
man calendar is given by Ricciolus, Struvius, Danet, and 
others; in which we perceive the order and number of 
the Roman holy-days and work-days. The Jewifli calen¬ 
dar was fixed by rabbi Hillel, about the year 360,; from 
which time the days of their year may be reduced to thofe 
of the Julian calendar. The three Chriftian calendars 
are given by Wolfhts in his Elements of Chronology ; as 
alfo the Je.wifh and Mahometan calendars. Other writers 
on tlie calendars are Viera,.Clavius, Scaliger, Blondel, &c. 
The Roman Calendar was fir It formed by Romulus, 
who diftribated time into feveral periods for the ufe of his 
CAL 
followers and people. He divided the year into ten months, 
of 304 days ; beginning on the firft of March, and ending 
with December. Nunta reformed the calendar of Romu¬ 
lus. He added the months of January and February, 
making it to commence on the firlt of January, and to 
con lift of 353 days. But, as this was evidently deficient 
of the true year, he ordered an intercalation of forty-five 
days to be made et'ery four years, in this manner, viz. 
Every two years an additional month of twenty-two days, 
between February and March ; and, at the end of each 
two'years more, another month of twenty-three days ; the 
month, thus interpofed being called Marcedonins, or the 
intercalary February. Julius Crefar, with the aid of So- 
figenes, a celebrated aflronoiner of thofe times, farther 
reformed the Roman calendar, front whence arofe the Ju¬ 
lian calendar, and the Julian or old ftyle. Finding that 
the fun performed his annual courfe in 365A days nearly, 
he divided the year into 365 days, but every fourth year 
3 66 days, adding a day that year before the 24th of Fe¬ 
bruary, which being the (ixth of the calends, and being 
thus reckoned twice, gave occafion to the name biJJextiU, 
or what we alfo call leap-year. This calendar was farther 
reformed by order of pope Gregory XIII. from whence 
arofe the term Gregorian calendar and ffyle, or what we 
alfo call the new ftyle, which is now observed by almoff 
all European nations. The year of Julius was too long 
by nearly eleven minutes, whicli amounts to about three 
days in 400 years; the pope therefore, by the advice of 
Clavius and Ciaconius, ordained that there fhould be omit¬ 
ted a day in every three centuries out of four; fo that 
every century, which would otherwife be a bi(Textile year, 
is made to be only a common year, excepting only fuch 
centuries as are exaftly divifible by four, which happens 
once in four centuries. See Bissextile. This reforma¬ 
tion of the calendar, or the new ftyle as we call it, com¬ 
menced in the countries under the popifli influence on the 
4th of Oftober, 1582, when ten days were omitted at once, 
v\ Tell had been over-run fince the time of the council of 
Nice, in the year 325, by the furplus of eleven minutes 
each year. But in England it only commenced in 1752, 
when eleven days were omitted at once, the third of Sep¬ 
tember being accounted the 14th that year; as the fur- 
plus minutes had then amounted to eleven days. 
Julian Ckrijlian Calendar, is that in which the days 
of the week are determined by the letters A, B, C, D, E, 
F, G, by means of the folar cycle; and the new and full 
moons, particularly the pafchal full moon, witli the feafl 
of Buffer, and the other moveable feafts depending upon 
it, by means of golden numbers, or lunar cycles, rightly 
difpofed through the Julian year. See Cycle and Go ld- 
en Number. In this calendar it is fuppofed, that tire 
vernal equinox is fixed to the 2 ill day of March ; and 
tiiat the golden numbers, or cycles of nineteen years, con- 
flantlv indicate the places of the new and full moons ; 
though both are erroneous; and from lienee arofe a great 
irregularity in the time of Eafter. 
Gregorian Calendar, is that which, by means of 
epafts, rightly difpofed through the feveral months, de¬ 
termines the new and full moons, with the time of Eafter, 
and the moveable feafls depending upon it, in the Grego¬ 
rian year. This--differs therefore from tlie Julian calen¬ 
der, both in the form of the year, and in as much as 
epacts are fubftituted inltead of golden numbers. See 
Efa.ct, Though the Gregorian calendar be more accu¬ 
rate than the Julian, yet it is not without imperfections, 
as Scaliger and Calvifnis have fully (hewn ; nor is it per¬ 
haps polfible to devife any one that (hall be quite perfect. 
Yet the reformed calendar, and that which is ordered to 
be obferved in England, by aft of parliament made the 
24th of George II. come very near to the point of accu¬ 
racy : for by that aft it is ordered, that “ Eafter-day, on 
which the reft depend, is always the firft Sunday after the 
full moon, which happens upon or next after the 21ft day 
of March ; and, if the full moon happens upon a Sunday, 
Eafter-day is the Sunday after.” 
Reformed 
