616 CAL 
abdaUat, i. e. “ perfons confecrated to the-fervice of God.” 
Their garment is a (ingle coat, made up of a variety of 
pieces, and quilted like a rug. They preach in the mar¬ 
ket. places, and live upon what their auditors are pleafed 
to beftow on them. 
CA'LENDRER, f. The perfon who calenders. 
CA'LENDS, /! [calends, Lat.] in the Roman chrono¬ 
logy, denoted the fil'd days of each month ; being fo na¬ 
med from Y.cihi'j), calo, ‘ I call or proclaim becaufe that, 
before the publication of the Roman fajii, and counting 
their months lay the motion of the moon, a pried was ap¬ 
pointed to obferve the firft appearance of the new moon ; 
who, having fern her, gave notice to the prefident of the 
iacrifices to offer one ; and, calling the people together, he 
proclaimed unto them how they fhould reckon the days 
until the nones ; pronouncing the word caleo five times if 
the nones fhould happen on the fifth day, or (even times 
if they happened on the fevenih day of the month. Tire 
calends were reckoned backwards, or in a retrograde or¬ 
der: thus, for example, the fir ft of May being the calends 
of May, tire laft or 30th day of April was the pridie ca- 
kndaium, or fecond of the calends, of May; the 29th of 
April, the third of the calends, or before the calends; and 
lo back to the 13th, where the ides commence ; which are 
like wife numbered backwards to the 5th, where the nones 
begin, which are alfo reckoned after that manner to the fir ft 
day of the month, which is the calends of April. Hence this 
rule to find the day of the calends anfwering to any day of 
the month, viz. Confider how many days of the month are 
yet remaining after the day propofed, and to that number 
add 2, for the number of or from the calends. For ex¬ 
ample, funpofe it were the 23d day of April, it would 
then be the 9th of the calends of May : for April con¬ 
taining thirty days, from which twenty-three being taken 
there remains (even, to which two being added makes the 
(urn nine. And the reafon for this addition of the con- 
ftant number two, is becaufe the laft day of the month is 
called the fecond of the calends of the month following. 
In the dates of deeds, the day of the month by nones, 
ides, or calends, is fufncient. 2 Inji. 675. 
CALEN'DULA,yi [diminifhed from calt/ia, whence 
calthula , caldula , caledula, and. calendula. See Caltha.] 
In botany, the Marygold: it is a genus of the clafs 
fyngenefia, order polygamia neceffaria, natural order com- 
pofltae dilcoidete. The generic charadlers are—Calyx : 
common, Ample, many-leaved, almoft upright; fegments 
linear-lanceolate (fourteen or twenty), nearly equal. Co¬ 
rolla: compound, radiate; corollules hermaphrodite, ve¬ 
ry many, in the difk ; females the number of rays in the 
calyx, very long in the ray; proper, of the hermaphro¬ 
dite, tubular, femiquinquefid, the length of the calyx ; 
proper, of the female, ligulate, very long, three-toothed, 
villofe at the bafe, nervelefs. Stamina : (hermaphrodite) 
filaments five,-capillary, very fiiort; anthera cylindric, 
tubular, the length of the corollule. Piftillum : (herma¬ 
phrodite) germ oblong; ftyle filiform, fcarcely the length 
of the ftamens; ftigma obtufe, bifid, ftraiglu ; (females) 
germ oblong, three-cornered ; ftyle filiform, the length < f 
the ftamens; ftigmas two, oblong, acuminate, reflex. Pe- 
ricarpium : none ; calyx converging, roundifti, deprefled. 
Seed : hermaphrodite central of the difk, none ; of the 
circumference leldom (blitary, membranous, obcordate, 
comp re (Ted ; females folitary, larger, oblong, incurved, 
triangular, with membranous angles, marked on the put- 
fide longitudinally with the figure of a vegetable; down 
none. Receptaculuni : naked, flat. In the caltha of 
Vaillant the feeds of the females are fur ni (fifed with u mem¬ 
branous inflefted witjgon each (ide ; in the dimorphotheca 
of the fame, writer the feeds have not thefe v% mgs. 
Sp/cics. 1. Calendula arvenfis, or field marigold : feeds 
boat-form, muricated, bent in ; the outmoft erect, pro- 
tended. Root annual; (talk (lender, branching, fprcad- 
ing near the ground ; leaves narrow, fpear-fhaped, hairy, 
half furrounding the (talk at their bafe ; flowers produced 
at the extremity of the branches upon long naked pedun- 
C A L 
cles; they are very fmall, and of a pale yellow colour; 
the florets of the ray are very narrow, as are alfo the leaves 
of the calyx. Seeds of different fliapes': thofe of the 
difk femicircularly curved inwards, by no means boat- 
(haped or margined, but inclined to cylindric, on the belly 
part comprefled into an edge, but on the back convex and 
muricated with little'fliort innocuous prickles; thofe ot 
the ray are longer, upright, crooked, attenuated upwards 
and lengthened, out into a beak which is bilamellate and 
two-lobed at the end, with little prickles on the outfide, 
but (mooth within, and near the bafe augmented with a 
lamellated procefs. Haller is of opinion that this is not 
fpecifically diftinCt from the garden marigold; and Ray 
fays, that it differs in little elfe befides the fmallnefs of 
the parts. Native of Sweden, Germany, S wider land, 
France, Carniola, Italy, and Spain. It flowers mod part 
of the fummer, and was cultivated in 1683 by Mr. Janies 
Sutherland. 
2. Calendula fan< 5 ta,or Pal reft ine marigold : feeds pitch¬ 
er-form, obovate, even ; calyxes fubmuricated. This is 
very like the foregoing fpecies, but the calyx is muricated 
on the outfide; the feeds are more ventricofe, not at all 
muricated ; the whole plant is naked without any (haggi- 
nefs; and the leaves are rugged at the edge. Miller adds, 
that they are much larger than thofe of the former fort, 
but yet not fo large as thofe of the garden marigold ; and 
that the flowers are of a middle (ize between the two 
others, and of a very pale yellow colour. He fays, that 
he gathered it in the garden at Leyden, and therefore he 
probably cultivated it foon after the year 1727, when he 
was in Holland. 
3. Calendula officinalis, or garden marigold : feeds all 
boat-form, muricated, bent in. This differs from the 
field marigold, not only in the feeds, but in having a lof¬ 
tier ftem, more divaricated, pubefeent, and pale green, as 
are alfo the leaves ; thefe are longer and lefs finuated, the 
lower and middle leaves ovate and blunt, the upper ones 
lanceolate. Native of France, in the vineyards; of Italy, 
in the corn-fields; of Silefia, in orchards, gardens, and 
fields ; flowering moft part of the fummer. Parkinfon in¬ 
forms us, that he received the feed of the fingle marigold 
from Spain, where it grows wild, “by Guillaume Boel, 
in his time a very curious and cunning fearcher of fim- 
ples.” It was however cultivated by Gerarde in 1597, 
and probably much earlier. The golden fplendour of the 
flowers, fays John Bauhin, ennobled this plant,- before it 
was known to be of any ufe. It has however been culti¬ 
vated time out of mind in kitchen-gardens for the flowers, 
which were dried in order to be boiled in broth : from- a 
fancy that they are comforters of the heart and fpirits. 
Linnaeus accordingly fays, that they may be ufed in a dou¬ 
ble dofe as a fuccedaneum to faffron ; but modern practice 
has little confidence in thefe fuppofed cordials. The com¬ 
mon or officinal marigold is a plant which is now much 
out of ufe in the materia medica, and has perhaps been 
commended beyond its merit as an aperient and detergent 
in vifceral obftrudtions, jaundice, and menftrual fuppref- 
fions. It has alfo been confidered as ufeful in the fero- 
phula of children, eaten in the manner of fallad. There 
is a certain acrimony in the plant; infomuch that it has 
even been commended as an extirpator of warts. For¬ 
merly the flowers were much efleemed as prefervatives 
againft peftilential diforders, either chewed, or infufed in 
vinegar; or the juice it.ielf drunk to the quantity of fome 
ounces. In the plague itfelf it has been highly commend¬ 
ed by fome writers; and is efteemed a powerful fudorific. 
The leaves are fuppofed to be more efficacious than the 
flowers. It has been afferted, that a marigold flower 
ftrongly rubbed on the affefted part, is an admirable re¬ 
medy for the pain and fw.elling can fed by the (ling of a 
wafp or bee. According to the obfervation of Linnaeus, 
tlte flowers are open from nine in the morning to three in 
the afternoon. Tins regular expanfion and doling of the 
flowers attracted early notice, and lienee this plant ac¬ 
quired the name of foljcquia or foils fponfa. There is an 
allulion 
