C A L E N 
P. 5 lufion to this property in the poems afcribed to Rowley : 
“ The mary-bttdde that fhootethe (ihutteth) with the 
lighte.” But more tally thus by Shakef'peare : 
The marigold, that goes to bed vvi’ th ! fun 
And with him rifes weeping. 
This plant is called in German, gewohnliche, ringclblume, 
goldblume, dotterblume, gilktnbulterblume , gem. cinefonnrnwende, 
havjjonnenzv'n bcl, wtckbrofelchen, tcdtcnblitme ; in Dutch, tam- 
me goudbloem ; in Swedish, ringblpmma ; in Daniflt, almindc- 
lige hoeblomme, folfikkc, J'oe/fik ; in Engliftt, common or garden 
marigold or mary-gold, by old authors golds or ruddes. 
Golds or gouldes is a name among the country people not 
only for this but for chiyfanthcmum Jegetum , any tort of 
hawkvveek, and in (hort for moft yellow flowers of the 
fyngenefia clafs. The fondnefs of the Englifh people for 
tacking Chriftian names to animals and plants is well 
known : the Virgin Mary in particular has fanc'tihed ma¬ 
ny of the latter. In French, fouci du jar din ; in Italian, 
cdlcndula orlcnfe,Jion ancio, fiore d'ogni mefe ; this latter name 
gives countenance to the derivation of calendula from the 
calends. In Spanifh and Portuguefe, calendula or tenft ; in 
the latter alfo maravilha bajlarda ; in Ruffian, nogotki. 
Of the garden marigold there are the following varie¬ 
ties: i. The fingle. 2. The common double-flowering. 
3. The larged very-double-flowering. 4. The doubie le¬ 
mon-coloured. 5. The greater and fmaller childing ma¬ 
rigold, called by Gerarde fruitful or much-bearing mari¬ 
gold, and by the vulgar fort of women, as lie fays, jack- 
■an-apes on horjtback. There are other trifling varieties 
l'carcely worthy of obfervation. 
4. Calendula pluvialis, or final! Cape marigold : leaves 
lanceolote, (inuate-toothletted ; flera leafy ; peduncles fi¬ 
liform. Root annual; lower leaves deeply indented on 
their edges, flefliy, and of a pale green colour; flems de¬ 
clining, from fix to eight inches long, leafy to within two 
inches of the top ; fiem-leaves much narrower and more 
indented than thole at the root; upp.er part of the ftem 
very flender, upon which flands one flower, (liaped like 
thole of the common marigold, having a purple bottom, 
with the ray of a violet-colour on the outfide, and of a 
pure white within. It opens when the fun (bines, but 
(huts up in the evening, and remains fo in cloudy wea¬ 
ther. When the flower decays, it hangs down during the 
growth of the feeds ; but, when they are full ripe, the pe¬ 
duncle is railed again, fo that the heads of the feeds ftand 
upright. The feeds of the di(k are rounded cordate, flat¬ 
ted, furrounded with a fwelling rim, and of a wliitilh 
llraw-colour. It is a native of the Cape of Good Hope, 
flowers from June to Augufl, and was cultivated by Mr. 
Miller in 1726. 
5. Calendula hybrida, or hybridous or great Cape mari¬ 
gold: leaves lanceolate, toothed; ftem leafy; peduncles 
thickened at top. Root annual; leaves much longer than 
in the foregoing, and broader at the end ; thofe near the 
root are regularly indented, but the flem-leaves have only 
a few (hallow indentures. The ftalks are much longer and 
thicker than thofe of the enfuing fort; and at the top, juft 
below the flower, (well larger than at the bottom. The 
flowers are fmaller than in the fourth, but of the fame co¬ 
lour. Th e Reds of this fort were brought from the Cape 
to Holland about ninety years ago (1711), and thence all 
the curious gardens in Europe have been furnidied with 
them. Cultivated by Mr. Miller in 1756 ; probably mufh 
(boner. 
6 . Calendula nudicalis, or naked-flalked Cape marigold : 
leaves lanceolate, finuate-toothed ; ftem almoft naked. 
This is alfo an annual plant, and has much the appearance 
of the fourth, but the leaves are more deeply indented on 
their edges. The ftalks grow about the fame length as 
that; the flower is a little fmaller, and the rays on the 
outfide are of a fainter purple colour. The feeds of this 
are flat and heart-lhaped, whereas thofe of the fourth are 
long; and narrow. The Item is extremely Ample, eiedt, 
Voj.. III. No. 15,1. 
D U L A. 61.7. 
leafy at bottom. The leaves are fpatulate, rugged, en¬ 
tire, except that they are now and then angulated with a 
tooth ; feeds orbiculate. Native of the Cape ; flowers 
from June to Augufl ; cultivated by Mr. Miller in 1731. 
7. Calendula- gramini folia, or grafs-leaved marigold : 
leaves linear, almoft entire ; flems almoft naked, one-flovv- 
eted ; feeds obcordate-orbiculate, even. This is a peren¬ 
nial plant*, which divides near the root into feveral tufted 
heads, clofely^ covered with long grafly leaves coming out 
on every fide without order; fome of thefe have one or 
two indentures on their edges, but the moft part arc en¬ 
tire. From between the leaves arife naked peduncles about 
nine inches long, fuftaining one flower at the top, which 
is about the fize of the common marigold, having a pur¬ 
ple bottom ; the rays are alfo purple without, but of a 
pure white within. Thefe expand when the fun (hints, 
but always clofe in the evening, and in cloudy weather. 
The general feafon of their beauty is in April and May, 
when they have the greateft number of flowers upon them ; 
but there is commonly a (ucceffion of flowers late in the 
autumn, though not in Co great plenty. The feeds are 
heart■ (liaped like thofe of the foregoing. They were 
brought from the Cape to Holland in 1698. Though it 
has been long in the Englifh gardens, yet it is not fo com¬ 
monly feen there as it delerves, there being few plants 
which continue (o long in flower as this. 
8. Calendula fruticofa, or fhrubby marigold : leaves 
obovate, a little toothed ; ftem fhrubby, decumbent. This 
has a flender (hrubby ftalk, riling to the height effevert 
or eight feet, but requiring fupport; it fends out a great 
number of weak branches from -the bottom to the top, 
hanging downwards. The leaves are on fhort foot-ftalks ; 
moft of them are (lightly indented towards the top, but 
fome are entire; they are of a (hitting green colour 011 
their upper furface, but paler underneath. The flowers 
come out at the ends of the branches on (hort naked pe¬ 
duncles, and are in fize and colour like thofe of the fifth 
fort: they are fometimes fucceeded by flat heart - (liaped 
feeds. It was introduced into the Dutch gardens from the 
Cape of Good Hope, and was fent to Mr. Miller by Dr. 
Adrian van Royen about the year 1759. It flowers du¬ 
ring the fummer months. 
9. Calendula tomentofa, or tomentofe marigold : leaves 
obovate, entire, tomentofe ; fcape naked, one-flowered. 
Found at the Cape by Thunberg. 
10. Calendula pumila, or pigmy marigold : feeds ob¬ 
long, incurvated ; leaves orbiculate, crenate Terra ted ; fer- 
ratures mucronated ; fcape naked, one-flowered. Native 
of New Zealand. 
11. Calendula ftellata, or ftarry marigold: five outer 
feeds boat-fhaped, lhiooth ;'five alternate horned, patu¬ 
lous, muricate ; the-reft ferew-fljaped. Root annual; ftem 
three feet high ; leaves bright green ; fruit, wheh ripe, of 
a rufty colour, confiding of one (eed covered with an aril, 
of three different (hapes ; feeds oblong, alh-coloured. Cul¬ 
tivated by Cavanilies in the garden of the duke del Infan- 
tado near Madrid before 1791, and railed from feeds lent 
by Lemonier. It flowers and perfects feeds there from 
J une to Align ft. - 
12. Calendula tragus, or bending-ftalked marigold : cau- 
lefcent; leaves alternate, linear, almoft quite entire, fonte- 
what hairy ; feeds fuborbiculate. 13. Calendula rigida, 
of rough-leaved marigold : leaves elliptic, toothed? rough- 
ifh ; wings of the feeds fenii-01 biculate. 14. Calendula 
oppofttifolia, or glaucous marigold: leaves 1 oppofite, li¬ 
near, quite entire, (omewhat flefhy, fmooth. Thefe are 
natives of the Cape of Good Hope, and were introduced 
by Mr. Francis Maflon in 1774. 
Propagation and Culture. It the feeds of the field mari¬ 
gold are permitted to leaner, there will he a frefh fupplv 
of young plants; lo that from May, when the flowers 
fird appear, till the froft puts a flop to them, there will 
be a fucceffion of plants in flower. The feeds of fingle 
garden marigolds will come up of themlelvcs if they are 
7 S permitted 
