CAL 
of provifion obliges them often to change their abode, and 
in feverc winters they retire into caves.' A girdle and 
piece of linen, which palles round the body, Come orna¬ 
ments for the head, and a chain of pearls, ferve them for 
drefs and finery; fome infert coloured feathers in holes 
which they make in their ears and nofirils ; fome bind their., 
forehead with bands, like network, with which too they 
cover their arms, adorned with chains of pearls, like brace¬ 
lets. Thofe who live towards the north, where they have 
no pearls, drefs their heads with fliells. The women com¬ 
monly wear a fpecies of long robe, made of the leaves of 
palms; fome wear nothing but a girdle. Thefe palm- 
leaves are woven with art, and dyed of different colours; 
and of them they make bafkets, which hold their roots 
and their provifions. The principal places are Santa Ma¬ 
ria, St. Ignatio, St. Ifidoro, Loreto, St. Eftevan, St. Xa¬ 
vier, St.Yago, Rofalio, St. Juan Guadalupe, and St. Jo- 
feph. In 1526 Ferdinand Cortez, having reduced and 
fettled Mexico, attempted the conqueft of California, but 
was obliged to return, without even taking a furvey of the 
country, a report of his death having difpofed the Mexi¬ 
cans to a general infurreCtion. Some other attempts were 
made by the officers of Cortez> but thefe were alfo 1111- 
fuccefsful. In 1595, a galleon was fent to make difcove- 
lies on the Californian fhore; but the veflel was unfortu¬ 
nately loft. Seven years after, the count de Monteroy, 
then viceroy of New Spain, fent Sebaftian Bifcaynoon the 
fame defign with two flips and a tender; but he made no 
difcovery of importance. In 1684 the marquis de La¬ 
guna, alfo viceroy of New Spain, difpatched two flips to 
make difcoveries on the lake of California. He alfo re¬ 
turned with an indifferent account, but was among the 
firft who afterted that California was not an ifland. In 
1697, the Jefuits folicited and obtained permiffion to un¬ 
dertake the conqueft of California. They arrived among 
the favage§ with curiofities that might anmfe them, corn 
for their food, and clothes; for which they could not but 
perceive the neceftity ; and of thefe necelfaries freftt fup- 
plies were brought annually by the Spanifh Manilla flips. 
The hatred tliele people bore the Spanifh name, could not 
fupport itfelf againlt thefe demonftrations of benevolence. 
They teftified their acknowledgments as much as their 
want of fenfibility and their inconftancy would permit 
them. Thefe faults were partly overcome by the religious 
inftitutors, who purfued their project with a degree of re- 
folution peculiar to the fociety ; concerning whole original 
views, and ultimate fuccefs, M. Pauw draws the following 
conclufion : “ Thefe reverend fathers fet out from Oid 
Spain, to make the fettlement of this peninfula, under 
the oftenfible motive of the propagation of the gofpel; 
but their real defign was the pearl-ftfhery ; the richeft, in 
the beauty of the jewel, and the abundance of its pro¬ 
duce, of any as yet found on the'globe. Poifelfed of this 
treafure, the firft objeft of their avarice was to make it all 
their own. Accordingly they flopped the ufual import of 
the pearls into Mexico, where they paid a high duty to 
the Spanifh government. The confequent decreafe of the 
revenue produced ftrong remonftrances to the coupt of 
Spain ; but the influence of fiiperftition on the confcience 
©f the king, and of gold on the integrity of his minifters, 
fecured to the itionopolills a temporary enjoyment of their 
pious fraud. Unhappily for them, when lord Anfon, in 
1744, took the Spanifh galleon that went every year from 
Acapulco to Manilla, he found tfiat more than two-thirds 
of the cargo belonged to the' company of Jefuits, He 
was the firft who obferved, that this commerce cuts the 
knot which fhould keep .Mexico and Peru in a perfect de- 
pendance on Spain ; that it fhocks all the laws of found 
policy; mu ft end in the ruin of the parent country ; and 
could ferve no purpofe but to enrich a fet of rapacious 
priefts. Thefe remarks, which he publifhed on his return 
t@ Europe, opened the eyes of the Spaniards, but the 
king (hut his. The punifhment of the abufe was for a 
time fufpended, until the good fenfe of Anfon, confirmed 
by the dangerous projects of the Jefuits in Paraguay, was 
Vol, III. No. 151, 
CAL 62 £ 
verified in the total ruin and abolition of this ambitious 
order.” 
CA'LIGA,yi in Roman antiquity, was the proper fol- 
dier’s ftioe, made in the fandal fafhion, open on the fupe- 
rior part of the foot and reaching to the middle of the leg, 
and fattened with thongs. From thefe caliga the emperor 
Caligula took his name, as having been born in the army* 
and bred up in the habit of a foldier. According to Du 
Cange, a fort of caliga was alfo worn by monks and bi- 
ftiops, when they celebrated mafs pontifically. 
CALIGA'TI,/i An appellation given to fome of the 
legions in the Roman army, by reafon of the caliga which 
they wore. The caliga was the badge or fyrnbol of a fol¬ 
dier; whence to take away the caiiga and belt, imported 
a difmiffing or cafhiering. 
C ALIGA'TION, f. \_caligo, Lat. to be dark.] Dark- 
nefs ; cloudinefs. — Inftead of a diminution, or imperfect 
vifion, in the mole, we affirm an abolition, or total priva¬ 
tion ; inftead of alligation, or dimnefs, we conclude a ce¬ 
city, or blir.dnefs. Brown. 
CALI'GINOUS, adj. \caliginoJus , Lat.] Obfcure; dim; 
full of darknefs. 
CALl'GINOUSNESS,/. Darknefs; obfcurity. 
CA'LIGRAPHY. See Calligraphy. 
CALI'GO, f,- [from caligo, Lat. to be dark.] A dark¬ 
nefs of the eye, or dimnefs of fight from any caufe. Alfo 
an ulcer in the eye caufing blindnefs. See Medicine. 
CALI'GULA (C.), the Roman emperor, received tills 
furname from his wearing the caliga. He was the fon of 
Germanicus by Agrippina, and grandfon to Tiberius. 
During the firft eight months of his reign, Rome expect¬ 
ed univerfal profperity, the exiles were recalled, taxes 
were remitted, and profligates difmifted; but Caligula 
foon became proud, wanton, and cruel. Fie built a tem¬ 
ple to himfelf, and ordered his head to be placed on the 
images of tire gods, while he wifhed to imitate the thun¬ 
ders and power of Jupiter. The ftatues of all great men 
were removed, as if Rome would fooner forget her virtues 
in their abfence ; and he appeared in public places in the 
mod indecent manner, encouraged roguery, committed in- 
ceft with his three fillers, and eftablifhed public places of 
proftitution. He often amufed himfelf with putting inno¬ 
cent people to death ; he attempted to famiffi Rome, by 
a monopoly of corn; and, as he was plealed with the■■ 
greateft difafters which befel his fubjedts, he often wifhed 
the Romans had but one head, that he might have the 
gratification to ftrike it off; wild beads were conftantly fed. 
in his palace with human viflirtis, and a favourite horfe 
was made high-prieft and eonful,. and kept in marble 
apartments, and adorned with the moft valuable trappings 
and pearls the Roman empire, could furnifti. He built a 
bridge upwards of three miles in the fea; and would per¬ 
haps have Ihewn himfelf more tyrannical, had not Chtereas, 
one of his fervants, formed a confpiracy,againft his life, 
with others equally tired with the cruelties and the infults 
that were offered with impunity to the perfons and feel¬ 
ings of the Romans. In confequence of this, the tyrant 
was murdered the 24th of January, in his twenty-ninth 
year, after a reign of three years and ten months, A. D. 41. 
It has been Laid, that Caligula wrote a treatife on rhe¬ 
toric ; but his love of learning, is better underftood from his 
attempts to deftroy the writings of Homer and of Virgil. 
Suetonius. 
CALILUI'A, or Calalaya, a town on the ifland of 
Lucon, in a province of the fame name. 
OA'LIN, f. A compound metal, whereof the Chinefe 
make their tea-canifters. The ingredients feem to be lead 
and tin. 
CA'LINE, cr Cali.y, a river of Hjndooftau, which 
runs into the Ganges near Canoge. 
C ALINE' A, f. in botany. See Dolioc arpus. 
CALINGAPATAM', a town of Hindooftan, in the 
circar of Cicacole. This place is remarkable for retain¬ 
ing the ancient name of the people, the Calinga, who ori¬ 
ginally inhabited the countny; of which it was pt'obably 
7 T the 
