6*8 CAL 
tail, fins, are yellow, and the rays of the latter are branch¬ 
ed; the anal tin is bluifli. This filh inhabits the waters 
of the Couth as well as the north : Pontoppidan and Strae'm 
found it in the gulf of Sund in Norway; OLuis Wormius 
and Muller in Jutland, near Skarpe and Drcfebeck; Bor- 
Life and Pennant in the Britilh dreams ; the latter near 
Scarborough, the former in Cornwall; Tyfon Caw it at 
Karting in Sufiex. Brunnicke found it in the Mediterra¬ 
nean, near Marfeilles ; Grpriovius in the North Sea ; Wil¬ 
loughby at Genoa and Rome ; Belon at Conftantinople ; 
and count Querhoent at Croific in-Britanyl This is.the 
larged Ipecies. The field is white, and well-tafted ; Roti¬ 
de le tins compares it to the gudgeon. It is caught with 
nets, elpecially in the dog-days; in North America it is 
caught in the fame leafon with the herring. Muller lays 
its food is leaches and the ftar-fifh, 
2. Callionymus dracunculus, the fordid dragonet. Four 
(hort rays in the firft dorfal tin fpecifically didinguilh tins 
from the preceding. There are fix rays in the membrane 
of the gills, nineteen in the pedtoral fin, fix in the ventral, 
nine in the anal, ten in the tail, four in the fird dorfal, and 
nine in the fecond. The body is broad in front, and nar¬ 
rows towards the tail ; the head is flat, broader than the 
body, ending in a blunt point; the jaws have fome weak 
teeth, and tiie upper jaw is the longed. The eyes are 
large, oval, prominent, and placed as in the preceding 
ipecies. The head and back of an olive colour; the chin, 
belly, and (ides, iilvery. There is a furrow along the back, 
between the head and the firft dorfal fin, with four little 
holes, of which the two foremoft are at the angle of the’ 
gill-covert, and the hinder ones at the origin of the dorfal 
fin ; every time the fifh breathes, water fpouts out at thefe 
holes. The lateral line, which is very taint, has a direc¬ 
tion along the middle of the body; between this and the 
belly i^ a yellow uneven line. The anus is nearer to the 
head than to the tail. The colours of this filh vary con- 
fiderably, according to the delcriptious of Muller and of 
Pennant. The pectoral and anal fins' are greenifli ; the 
ventrals yellow with green flripes ; the firfl: dorfal is dark 
brown; the fecond pale yellow, with deep yellow flripes; 
the tail-fin is rounded, and lias flripes of brown and green 
inclining to yellow. The rays of the ventral fins are 
branched ; of the peftorals and tail, bifurcated ; the reft 
fimple; the rays only of the firfl: dorfal are tharp. Ac¬ 
cording to Linnaeus, this filh is found about Rome, Ge¬ 
noa, and Li (bon ; Pennant places it among the fillies of 
England, Muller of Denmark, and Duhamel found it on 
the coafts of Normandy. It is inferior in (ize, as well as 
in beauty, to the firfl Ipecies; being feldom more than 
eight inches'long and two thick. 
OALLPOPE, one of the Mufes, daughter of Jupiter 
and Mnemosyne, who prefided over eloquence and heroic 
poetry-. She is laid to be the mother of Orpheus by Apollo, 
and Horace fuppofes her able to play on any muffed inftru- 
ment. She was reprefented with books in her hand, which 
figuinea that her office was to take notice of the famous 
actions of heroes, as Clio was employed in celebrating 
them; and Hie held the three mod famous epic poems of 
antiquity, and" appeared generally crowned with laurel. 
She fettled the difput’e between Venus and Profe-rpine, 
■concerning Adonis, whole company thefe two goddeiles 
wifhed botli perpetually to enjoy. IPJiod. 
CALI.lPfE'Dl \,f [xaAA©', beauty, and ira, i 3 V«, chil¬ 
dren ] The art 'of breeding fine and beautiful children. 
Divers rules and practices "relating to this art, are found 
in ancient and modern writers. Among the magi, a fort 
of medicine called c-nnefta was admiififtered to pregnant 
women, as a. means of producing a beautilul ill tie; Of 
this kind were the kernels of pine-nuts ground with ho¬ 
ney, myrrh, fa (Fro n, palm-wine, and milk. The Jews are 
fa id to have been fo folicitons about the beauty of their 
children, that care was taken to have fome very beautiful 
child placed at the door ot the public baths, that the wo¬ 
men at going out being (truck'with his appearance, and 
retaining the idea, might all have children as fine as he. 
3 
CAL 
The Chinefe take fiill greater care of their breeding wo¬ 
men, to prevent uncouth objects from (tricing their ima¬ 
gination. Mulicians are employed at night to entertain 
them with agreeable fongs and odes, in which are let 
forth all the duties and comforts of a conjugal and dornef- 
tic life; that the infant may receive good inipretlions even 
before it is born, and not only come forth agreeably formed 
in body, but well-difpofed in mind. Calhpsadia, never- 
thelefs,- feems to have been firfl eretled into a juft art by 
Claude Ghullet de Chinon, a French abbot, who, under 
the fictitious name of Calvidos Laitus, has ptiblilhed a fine 
Latin poem in four books, under the title; of‘‘Callipaedia, 
feu de pulchrae prolis habendae ration? wherein are con¬ 
tained all the precepts of that new art. There is a tranfla- 
tiOn of it into Englifh verle by Mr. Rowe. 
CALLIPATl'RA, daughter of Diagoras, and wife of 
Callianax the athlete, went difguifed in man’s clothes with 
her fon Pifidorus to the Olympic games. When Pilidorus 
was declared viitor, (he difeovered her fex through ex¬ 
cels of joy, and was arretted, as women were not permit¬ 
ted to appear there. Tire victory of her lon'Obtained her 
feleafe • and a law was inftantly made, which forbade any 
wrefllers to appear but naked. Pcnfanias. 
C AL'LiPERS, f. [of this word we know not the ety¬ 
mology ; nor does any thing more probable occur, than 
that, perhaps, the word is corrupted from .clippers, inftru 
ments with which any thing is clipped, in cl died, or em¬ 
braced.] Compaffes with bowed (hanks, to take the dia . 
meter of any round body; as the diameters ot balls, or 
the bores of guns ; or the diameter or length of ca(ks, &c. 
The belt fort of callipers ufually contain the following ar¬ 
ticles, viz. ift, the meafure of convex diameters in incites. 
&c. 2d, of concave diameters ; 3d, the weight of iron (hot 
of given diameters ; -4th, the weight of iron (hot for given 
gun-bores; 5th, the degrees of a femicircle ; 6th, the pro¬ 
portion of troy and avoirdupois weight; 7th, the propor¬ 
tion of Englifh and French feet and pounds weight; 8th, 
factors ufed in circular and fpherical figures; 9th, tables 
of the fpecific gravities and weights of bodies; 10th, tables 
of ttie quantity of powder neceflary tor the proof and fer- 
vice of brafs and iron guns; nth, rules for computing 
the number of (hot or (hells in a complete pile; 12th, 
rules for the fall or defeent of heavy bodies; 13th, rules 
for the railing of water ; 14th, rules tor firing artillery and 
mortars; 15th, a line of inches; 16th, logarithmic fcales 
of numbers, lines, verfed fines, and tangents; 17th, a fec- 
toral line of equal parts, or the line ot lines; 18 th, a fec- 
toral line of planes and fuperficies; and 19th, a fe flora l 
line of folids. The callipers are exhibited in the annexed 
plate; and the method of ufing them is as follows: Let 
the four faces of this inflrument be difiinguilhed by the 
letters A, B, C, D. A and D confift of a circular head 
and leg ; B and C confift only of a leg. On the circular 
head adjoining to the leg of the face A are divilions deno¬ 
minated /hot diameters ; which (hew the difiance in inches 
and tenths of an inch of the points of the callipers when 
they are opened; fo that, if a ball not exceeding ten inches 
be introduced between them, the bevil edge E marks its 
diameter among thefe divifions. 
On the circular bevil part E of the face B is a fcale of 
divifions diftinguifhed by lb. weight of iron Jkot. When the 
diameter of any (hot is taken between the points of the cal¬ 
lipers. the inner edge of the leg A (hews its weight in 
avoirdupois pounds, provided it be lb. 1, ij, 2, 3, 4, 
Sz, <L 8, 9, 12, 16, xS, 24, 26, 32, 36, or 42 ; the figures 
neareft the.bevil edge anfwering to the (hurt lines in the 
fcale, and ihofe behind them to the longer ftrokes. This 
fcale is conflxufled on the following geometrical theorem, 
viz. that the weights of fpheres are as the cubes of their 
diameters. On the lower part of the circular head of the 
face A is a fcale of divifions marked bores of guns ; for the 
life of which, the legs of the callipers are (lipped acrofs 
each other, till the field points touch the concave furface 
of the gun in its greateft breadth ; then the bevil edge F 
of the face B will cut a divifion in the fcale (hewing the 
- diameter 
