6 ?,o , C A Tj 
top, a little branching at the bafe, fniooth. Leaves ovate, 
acuminate, fubcordate at the bale, quite entire, thickifh, 
Ihining, fat, (heathing, the. edge purple, alternate, Flow¬ 
ers (mail, tender, feflile, greenish, generally three toge¬ 
ther from each (heath oh the lower leaves. It is a native 
of the Weft Indies,' in low moilt lhady places. Here it 
flowers in June and July ; and was introduced in 1776 by 
John Fothergill, M. I). 
CALLISTE'A, f. A Lefbian feftival, wherein the wo¬ 
men preferred themfelves- in Juno’s temple, and the prize 
was atligned to the faired. There was another of thefe 
contentions at the feftival of Ceres Eleulinia among the 
Parrhafians, and another among the Plleans, where the 
mod beautiful man was prefented with a complete 1 nit of 
armour, which he confecrated to Minerva, to whole tem¬ 
ple he walked in procelTion, being accompanied by his 
friends, who adorned him with ribbons, and crowned him 
with a garland of myrtle. 
CALLIS'THENES, a native of Olintlnts, difciple and 
relation of Aridotle, accompanied Alexander in Iris expe¬ 
ditions. Arifiotle gave him to his fcholar, that lie might 
moderate the fury of his padions; but Callidhenes was 
too deficient in the arts of a courtier to render truth fuffi- 
ciently palatable to the prince. His animadverfions on 
him were more in the haughty If vie of a pedant, than in 
that of an amiable phi-ofopher. He placed his writings 
far above the conquefls of the king of Macedon, who 
ought, faid he, “ to look for immortality more from his 
books than from the madnefs of being the fon of Jupiter.” 
Puffed up with vanity himfelf, but deteding it in others, 
lie became infupportable to the youthful hero. Callilthenes 
being accufed, in the year 328 before the Chridian era, of 
confpiring againd the life of Alexander, the prince eagerly 
feized that opportunity for getting rid of his cenfor. “This 
conqueror (fays Judin), irritated againd the plulofopher 
Callidhenes for boldly difapproving his refolution to make 
himfelf adored after the manner of the kings of Perfia, 
pretended to believe that he had engaged in a confpiracy 
again It him ; and made life of this pretext for cruelly cau- 
iing his lips, his nofe, and his ears, to be cut off. In this 
mutilated condition he had him drawn in his retinue, fhut 
up with a dog in an iron cage, to make him an objedt of 
horror and affright to his army. - Lylimachus, a difciple of 
this virtuous man, moved at beholding him languifn in a 
mifery he had brought on himfelf only by a laudable frank- 
nefs, procured him poifon, which at once delivered hint 
from his exquilite torments and fuch unmerited indignity. 
Alexander, being informed of it; was fo tranfported with 
rage, that he cauled Lyfiniaclnis to be expofed to the fury 
of a hungry lion. The brave man, on feeing the beaft 
approach to devour hint, folded his cloak round his arm, 
plunged it down his throat, and, tearing out his tongue, 
ifietched him dead upon the fpot. An exploit fo cou¬ 
rageous ftruck the king with an admiration that difarmed 
his wrath, and made Lyliinachus more dear to him than 
ever.” It is reported that Alexander caufed thefe words 
to be engraved on the tomb of Callidhenes : Odifophijlam 
qui Jibi non Japit. In the feventh volume of Memoirs of 
the Academy of Belles Lettres of Paris may be feen fome 
curious refearcbes on the life and writings of this philofo- 
pher by the abbe Sevin. The philafophers that fucceeded 
Callilthenes thought it their duty (fays M. Hardouin) to 
avenge their brother by launching out into furious decla¬ 
mations againfl the memory of Alexander, vvhofe crimi¬ 
nality, according to Seneca, was never to be effaced. Let 
hilforians particularize as they will the brilliant adtions of 
the Macedonian conqueror, Seneca will always make this 
the burthen of the panegyric : “ He was the murderer of 
Callidhenes!” 
CALI.IS'TO, called alfo Helice, in fabulous hiffory, 
was daughter of Lycaon king of Arcadia, and nymph of 
Diana. Jupiter, having affumed the (bape of Diana, took 
her at unawares, and lay with her. Diana, perceiving that 
this nymph was very backward in undreffing herfelf to go 
into the bath, would not permit her any longer to make 
C A L 
one of her train ; upon which Callifto went into a wood,. 
and was delivered of Areas. Juno, always attentive to 
the Heps of Jupiter, and an implacable enemy to his mif- 
treffes, metaniorphofed Callilto into a bear ; but Jupiter, 
apprehenfive of her being hurt by the liuntfinen, made 
her a conftellation of heaven, called the Great Bear. Ovid. 
CALLIS'TRATUS, an excellent Athenian orator, was 
baniftied for having obtained too great an authority in the 
government. Demolthenes was fo (truck with the force 
of his eloquence, and the glory it procured him, that lie 
abandoned Plato, and refolved from thenceforward to ap¬ 
ply himfelf to oratory. 
CALLIS'TUS (Johannes Andronicus), was one of thofe 
learned Greeks to whom we are obliged for bringing lite¬ 
rature into lhe weft, after Conlfantinople was taken try the 
Turks, in 1433. He is faid to have been a native of Theft- 
falonica, and afterwards to have fettled in Conlfantinople 5. 
where he was a profeffor of the peripatetic philofophy, and 
acquired a high reputation for learning. When that city 
was taken, he fled with many others into Italy, and fixed 
his refidence firft at Rome, where he profeffed. to teacli the 
Greek language, and to read leftures upon Ariliotie’s phi¬ 
lofophy. But, not meeting with encouragement fufficient 
to maintain him, lie moved next to Florence, where he 
had a vail concourfte of diftciples; among whom vveie An¬ 
gelas Politianus, Janus Pannonius, Georgius Valla, and 
others of the fame rank. \Vlien he had fpent leveral years 
in Italy, lie palled into France, but died in a fliort time- 
after he arrived. There are fome Greek manuferipts with 
his name upon them; one particularly was in the king of 
France’s library at Paris, intit led, “ A Monody upon the 
Miferies of Conftantinople.” Some philosophical and mo¬ 
ral pieces in manufeript, are alfo aferibed to him. 
C AL'LITRICHE, J. [TaA©', and §£i|, Gr. fine hair. 1 
In botany, the Star-headed Water Chickwee'd ; a 
genus of tfie clafs monandria, order digynia, natural order 
holoraceae. The generic characters are—Calyx : none. 
Corolla : petals two, incurved, acuminate, channelled, 
oppolite. Stamina? filament one, long, recurved; an- 
theras finiple. Piftillum : germ roundilh ; Ifyles two, ca¬ 
pillary, recurved; ftigmas acute. Pericarpium: capfule 
roundifh, quadrangular, compreffed, two-celled. Seeds : 
folitary, oblong. Flowers: male, female, and herma¬ 
phrodite.— EJfential CkaraElcr. Calyx, none ; petals, two; 
capfule, two-celled, four-feeded. 
Species. 1. Cal 1 itriche verna, or vernal ffarwort, or fiat- 
headed water duckweed : upper leaves oval; flowers an¬ 
drogynous. Stems long, round, branching, rooting; leaves 
in pairs, the upper ones radiating and floating on the fur- 
face of the water; flowers feflile in the axils, the upper 
ones male, the lower female. It is very common in 
ditches and (landing waters, flowering from April to June; 
annual. There is a variety, the leaves of which are all 
conjugate, ovate, a little fhorter and broader titan in the 
foregoing, and (lightly emarginate at the end. This is 
larger than the others: leaves petioled, roundilh, quite 
entire, conjugate; whereas in the former the lower leaves 
are linear. Haller thinks that it may be the connecting 
link between the vernal and autumnal fiarworts, and that 
they may pollibly be one fpecies. The difference in this 
variety is probably owing to its (filiation, in places where 
water has (food in the winter, or in ditches and marfiies 
dried up. 
2. Callitriche autumnalis, or autumnal fiarwort: leaves 
linear, bifid at the end ; flowers hermaphrodite. Haller 
fays, that the lower flowers are female, the upper male, as 
in the former. Linnaeus and Pollich affirm, that they are 
all hermaphrodite. Scopoli fays, that they are polyga¬ 
mous, and thofe of the foregoing dioecous. Hudfon unites 
botli fpecies, and attributes polygamous flowers to both. 
Wiggers infifts, that the flowers are generally polygamous, 
fometimes dioecous, feldom hermaphrodite. This differs 
from the former in having all the leaves linear, and cLeft 
at the end; to which Withering adds, that the corolla is 
yellowifh-white; and Linnaeus, that it flowers in Septera- 
