636 CAL 
and province of Lavora, the fee of a bifliop, fuffragan of 
Capua: five miles north of Capua. 
CAL'VI, a town of the ifland of Corfica, and capital of 
a province to which it gives name, fituated on a tongue 
of land which forms one of the mod beautiful harbours 
in the ifland called the Gulf of Calvi , defended by a good 
citadel, and feveral baftions. It was taken on capitula¬ 
tion by the Englifli, on the 10th of Auguff, 1794. The 
garrifon marched out with the honours of war, and were 
conveyed to Toulon. It is eleven leagues well-fouth-weft 
of Baftia. Lat. 42. 2S. N. Ion. 26. 28. E. Ferro. 
CALVIEL'LO, a town of Italy, in the kingdom of Na¬ 
ples, and province of Bafilicata : twelve miles fouth-fouth 
eaft ofPotenza. 
CAL'VIN (John), a celebrated reformer of the Chrif- 
tian church, and founder of the fedt called Calvinifls, was 
born in 1509. He was -he fon of a cooper at Noyon in 
-Picardy ; and his real name was Chauvin, which he chofe 
to latinize into Calvinus, flyling himfelf, in the title-page 
to his firft work (a Commentary on Seneca de dementia), 
“ Lucius Calvinus, Civis Romanus an early proof of 
bis pride, at about twenty-four years of age. In 1529, 
he was redtor of Pont l’Eveque; and in 1534 he threw up 
this benefice, feparating himfelf entirely from the Romifli 
church. The perfecution againft the Proteftants in France 
(with whom he was now allbciated) obliged him to retire 
to Bafle in SwilTerland: here he publifhed his famous In- 
ftitutes of the Chriflian Religion in 1535. The following 
year, he was chofen profeflbr of divinity, and one of the 
minifters of the church at Geneva. The next year, 1537, 
be made all the people folemnly fwear to a code of doc¬ 
trines; but, finding that religion had not any great influ¬ 
ence on the morals of the people, he declared, that, fince 
all his admonitions had proved unfuccefsful, he could not 
adminifter the holy facrament as long as thefe diforders 
reigned ; he alfo declared, that he could not fubmit to 
fome regulations made by the fynod of Berne. Upon this, 
the fyndics having fummoned the people, i^. was ordered, 
that Calvin and two other minilters fhould leave the city 
within two days. Calvin immediately retired to Straf- 
burg, where he effablifiied a French church, of which he 
was the firft minifter, and was alfo chofen profeffor of di¬ 
vinity. Two years after he was deputed to aflill at the 
diet appointed by the emperor to meet at Worms, and at 
Ratifbon, in order to appeafe the troubles occafioned by 
the difference of religion. He went with Bticer, and en¬ 
tered into conference with Melandhon. The people of 
Geneva now entreated him to return; to which he con¬ 
sented, and arrived there September 13, 1541. He began 
with eftablifhing a form of eccleiiaftical difcipline, and a 
confiftorial jurifdiftion, with the power of inflicting all 
kinds of canonical punithments. This was greatly difliked 
by many perfons, who imagined that the papal tyranny 
would again be revived. Calvin, however, aflerted on all 
occaficns the rights of his cotififlory with inflexible llridl- 
rtefs ; and he caufed Michael Servetus to be burnt at the 
Rake for writing againft the dodtrine of the Trinity. But, 
though the rigour of his proceedings occafioned great tu¬ 
mults in the city, yet nothing could (hake his inflexibility. 
Amongft all the difturbances of the commonwealth, he 
took care of the foreign churches in England, France, 
Germany, and Poland ; and did more by his pen than 
his prefence, (ending his advice and inflrudtions by letter, 
and writing a great number of books. This celebrated 
reformer died on the 27th of May, 1564, aged fifty-five. 
His works were printed together at Amfterdam in 1671, 
in 9 vols. folio: the principal of which are his Inftitu- 
tions, in Latin ; the beft,edition is that of Robert Stephens, 
in 1 553, folio ; and his Commentaries on the Holy Scrip¬ 
tures. Calvin is univerfally allowed to have had great 
talents, an excellent genius, and profound learning. His 
Ryle is grave and polite. Independent of his fpiritual 
pride,.his morals were exemplary ; for he was pious, fo- 
ber, chafte, laborious, and difinterefied. But his memory 
CAL 
can never be purified from the Rain of burning Servetus s 
it ill became a reformer to adopt the moft odious prac¬ 
tice of the very church he was fo earneltly crying 
down. 
CAL'VINISM, f. The doftrine and fentiments of Cal¬ 
vin and his followers. Calvinifm fubfifis in its greateft 
purity in Geneva; from whence it was propagated into 
Germany, France, the United Provinces, and England. In 
France it was aboliftied by the revocation of the edidt of 
Nantz, in 1685. It has been the prevailing religion in the 
United Provinces ever fince the year 1571. 
Befides the doctrinal part of Calvin’s iyflem, which, fo 
far as it differs from that of other reformers of the fame 
period, principally regarded the abfolute decree of God, 
whereby the future and eternal condition of the human 
race was determined out of mere fovereign pleafure and 
free-will ; it extended likewife to the difcipline and go¬ 
vernment of the Chriflian church, the nature of the eu- 
charift, and the qualification of thofe who were entitled 
to a participation in it. Calvin confidered every church 
as a feparateand independent body,inveffed with thepower 
of legiflation for itfelf. He propofed that it (hould be 
governed by prelbyteries and fynods, compofed of clergy 
and laity, without bilhops, or any clerical fubordination ; 
and maintained, that the province of the civil magiflrate 
extended only to its protection and outward accommoda¬ 
tion. In order to facilitate an union with the Lutheran 
church, he acknowledged a real, though fpiritual, pre¬ 
fence of Chriff, in the euchariff, and that divine grace 
was conferred in the celebration of it ; and he confined the 
privilege of communion to pious and regenerate believers. 
In France the Calvinifls were dillinguiflied by the name of 
Huguenots; and, among the common people, by that of 
Parpaillets. In Germany they are confounded with the 
Lutherans, under the general name of Proteftants. 
CAL'VIN 1 ST, yi One that profefles to be of the religion 
of Calvin.—Whitfield’s followers profefs themfelves k to 
be Calvinifls. Guthrie. 
CALVlNIS' TIC, or Calvinistical, adj. Of Calvinifls. 
—Wefley and his followers oppofe fome of the Calviniflic 
doCtrines. Guthrie. —The church of Scotland is modelled 
principally after the Calviniflical plan. Guthrie 
CALVISA'NO, a town of Italy: twelve miles fouth- 
fouth.eaft of Brefcia. 
CALVISSON', a town of France, in the department 
of the Gard, and chief place of a canton, in the diffriCt 
of Sommiers : half a league eaft of Sommiers, and three 
fouth-weft ofNimes. 
CALVI'TI, a town of Italy, in the kingdom of Na¬ 
ples, and province of Calabria Citra: eleven miles eaft 
of Cariati. 
CALVI'TIES,/. [from m/»w, Lat. bald.] Baldnefs; 
want or lofs of hair, particulaily on the linciput. See 
Alopecia, vol. i. p. 365. 
CAL'UMET, J. A fymbolical inftrument of great im¬ 
portance among the American Indians. It is a pipe, whufe 
bowl is generally made of a foft red marble ; the tube of 
a very long reed, ornamented with the wings and feathers 
of birds, No affair of confequence is tranfaCted without 
the calumet. It appears in meetings of commerce or ex¬ 
changes ; in congreffes for determining of peace or war j 
and even in the tury of a battle. The acceptance of the 
calumet is a mark of concurrence with the terms propofed 3 
as the refufal is a certain mark of rejection. Even 
in the rage of a conflitft this pipe is fometimes offered 5 
and, if accepted, the weapons of deftruCtion in.ftantly drop 
from their hands, and a truce enfues. It (eems the facra- 
ment of the favages; for no compact is ever violated 
which is confirmed by a whiff from this facred reed. 
When they treat of war, the pipe and all its ornaments 
are uftially red, or fometimes reel only on one fide. The 
calumet of peace is different from that of war. From its 
winged ornaments, and its conciliating ufes, writers com¬ 
pare it to the cad lice us of Mercury, which was carried 
4 by 
