C A L 
by the caduceatores, -or meffengers of peace, with terms 
to the hoftile (fates. It is fingular, that the molt remote 
nations, and the mod opposite in their other cuftoms and 
manners, (hould in fome tilings have, as it were, a cer¬ 
tain confent of thought. The Greeks and the Americans 
had the fame idea, in the invention of the caduceus of the 
one and the calumet of the other. 
Dance of the CA'LUMET, is a folemn rite among the 
Indians on various cccafions. They do not walk them- 
felves in rivers in the beginning of futnmer, nor tafte of 
the new fruits, without performing it; and the fame cere¬ 
mony always confirms a peace, or precedes a war. It is 
performed in the winter-time in their cabins, and in hum¬ 
mer in the open fields. For this purpofe they choofe a 
Ipot among trees to fhade them from the heat of the fun, 
and lay in the middle a large mat, as a carpet, fetting up¬ 
on it the monitor, or god, of the chief or the company. 
On the right hand of this image they place the calumet, 
•as their great deity, erecting around it a kind of trophy 
with their arms. Things being thus difpofed, and the 
liour of dancing come, thofc who are to fing take the molt 
honourable feats under the fitade of the trees. The com¬ 
pany is then ranged round, everyone, before he fits down, 
fainting the monitor, which is done by blowing upon it 
the fmoke of their tobacco. Each perfon next receives 
the calumet in rotation, and, holding it with both hands, 
dances to the cadence of the vocal mufic, which is accom¬ 
panied with the beating of a fort of drum. During this 
exercife, he gives a fignal to one of their warriors, who 
takes a bow, arrow, and axe, from the trophies already 
mentioned, and fights him ; the former defending himfelf 
with the calumet only, and both of them dancing all the 
while. This mock engagement being over, he who holds 
the calumet makesa fpeech, in which he gives an account 
of the battles he lias fought, and the prifoners he has ta¬ 
ken, and then receives a cloak, or fome other prefent, 
from the chief of the ball. He then refigns the calumet 
t'o another; who, having aCted a fimilar part, delivers it 
to a third, who afterwards gives it to his neighbour, till 
;at laft the inftrument returns to the perfon who began the 
ceremony, who prefents it to the nation invited to the feaft, 
as a mark of their friendfiiip, and a confirmation of their 
.alliance. 
To CALUM'NIATE, v. n. \_ca!umnior, Lat.] To ac- 
• cufe falfely; to charge without juft ground: 
.‘Beauty, wit, high birth, defert in fervice, 
Love, friendlhip, charity, are fubject all 
To envious and calumniating time. Shahefpeare. 
To CALUM'NIATE, v.a. To flandcr.—One trade or 
art, even thofe that ftiould be the moft liberal, make it 
-their bufinefs to difdain and calumniate another. Spratt. 
C ALUMNI A'TION, f. That which we call calumnia¬ 
tion, is a malicious and falfe peprefentation of an enemy’s 
words or adtions, to an offenfive purpofe. Ayliffe. 
CALUM'NIATOR,^ A forger of accufation ; a flan- 
derer.—He that would live clear of the envy and hatred 
of potent calumniators, mil ft lay his finger upon his mouth, 
$md keep his hand out of the ink-pot. L'Efirangc. 
C ALUM'NIOUS, artj. Slanderous ; falfely reproachful. 
—Virtue itfelf ’fcapes not calumnious ftrokes. Shakfpeare. 
C A'LUMNY,/. [■calumnia, Lat.J Slander; falfe charge; 
groundlefs accufation : with again//, or fometimes upon, 
before the perfon accufed.—It is a very hard calumny ‘upon 
pur foil or climate, to affirm, that fo excellent a fruit will 
not grow here. Temple. 
Be thou as chafte as ice,, as pure as fnow, 
Thou fhalt not efcape calumny. Shakefpeare. 
Oath of CA'I.UMNY, Juramcntum (or rather Jusjuran- 
dum) Calumnia, among civilians and canomfts, was an oath 
which both parties in a caufe were obliged to take; the 
plaintiff that he did not bring his charge, and the defend¬ 
ant that he did not deny it, with a defign to abufe each 
oilier, but becaufe they believed their caufe was juft and 
Vol. III. No. t 5 2. 
C A L 6 j 7 
good ; that they would not deny the truth, nor create un- 
necelfary delays, nor offer the judge or evidence any gifts 
or bribes. It the plaintiff refufed this oath, the com¬ 
plaint or libel was difmiiTed ; if the defendant, it was ta¬ 
ken pro confefio. This cuflom was taken from the ancient 
athletac ; who, before they engaged, were obliged to fwear 
that they had no malice, nor would life any unfair means 
for overcoming each other. The juramcntum calumnia. is 
difufed, as a great occafion of perjury. 
CALVORD', a town of Germany, in the circle of 
Lower Saxony, and duchy of Magdeburg: twenty-four 
miles north-weft of Magdeburg. 
CALU'SIO, a town of Italy, in the principality of 
Piedmont: five miles north of Chivaffo. 
CAIAV', a town of Germany, in the circle of Suabia, 
and duchy of Wirtemburg, on the Nagold, with a manfc- 
fathire of ferges and china : fixteen miles weft-fputh-weft 
of Stuttgard, and twenty-four yaft-fouth-eaft of Raftadt. 
CALX, f. [-jbrt chctlak, a ftone, or nS |5 halah, to burn, 
Arab.] Chalk; limeftone. Whatever is fubjeCt to calci¬ 
nation or corrofion by fire ; and, as a chemical term, it 
denotes the powder or cinder to which any body is redu¬ 
ced by calcination. It alfo comprehends many different 
ftones, in this one character, that they burn to lime. All 
ftones have for their balls either cryftal or fpar; thofe that 
have cryftal run into glafs by burning ; but thofe that 
have fpar, run into lime. A!! fea-(hells, and any ftone or 
earth that eff’ervefees with an acid, will burn to lime. 
The harder the ftone, the (Longer is the lime it produces. 
It may here be obferved, that both earth and ftones are 
termed earth by the chemift, but they are divided into 
two clalfes by the fofiilift ; calcareous earths and ftones 
are thus charadterifed, confidered as the objefts of fof- 
lilogy. Calcareous earth is an earth which effervefees 
with acids. Calcareous ftone is a ftone effervefeing with 
acids, burning into quick-liine, and not ftriking fire with 
fleet. But it nnift be obferved, that amongft earths, the 
calcareous is a genus; amongft ftones, the calcareous is 
an order. 
CALX VIVA, or Extincta, or Lota; into tliefe 
three is lime divided. The firlt is lime in its .fiery (late, 
as brought from the kiln; the fecond that which, haying 
been long expofed to the air, is fallen to powder; the laft, 
that which hath been deprived of its falls by repeated af- 
fufions of water. 
CA'LYBITES, f. The inhabitant of a cottage; an ap¬ 
pellation given to lome faints, on account of their long 
relidence in a hut or hermitage, by way of mortification. 
The word is formed from Y.ccKxnc.nuo., tego, I cover; whence 
y.a.XvSn, a little cot. The Romifh church commemorates 
St. John the calybites on the 15th of December. 
CALYCANTHE'MyE,y. in botany, an order of plants 
in the Fragmenta Methodi Naturalis of Linnaeus. 
CALYCAN'THUS,/. [mAu*, calyx, and flow¬ 
er ; the flower confiding of calycine folioles, without pe¬ 
tals.] In botany, the Carolina and Japan Allspice; 
a genus of the clafs icofandria, order polygynia. The 
generic characters are—Calyx : perianthium one-leaved, 
pitcher-lhaped, fquarrofe; leaflets coloured, lanceolate; 
the fuperior ones gradually larger, refembling petals. Co- 
'rolla : none, except the calycine folioles, reprefenting pe¬ 
tals. Stamina: filaments numerous, fubulate, inTerted 
into the neck of tlie calyx ; anther® oblong, furrowed, 
growing to the top of the filaments. Piftillum : germs a 
great many, ending in fubulate compreffed ftyles of the 
length of the ftamens; ftigmas glandulous. Pcricarpium: 
none; the calyx being thickened, obovate, and berried. 
Seeds: very many, tailed .—Ef 'enlialCharaEhr. Calyx, one- 
leafed, pitclier-form, fquarrofe, with coloured leaflets ; 
corolla, calycine; ftyles, very many, with a glandulous 
ftigma ; feeds, very many, tailed, within a firtrculent calyx. 
Species. 1. Calycanthus floridus, or Carolina allfpicc : 
inner petals longer than the outer. This fnrub arrives at 
the height of eight or ten feet, where it grows naturally , 
but it feldo.m riles more than four feet high in this conn- 
