CAN 
Upper Canada includes all the territory to the wefcward 
and foil thwart' °f the faid line, to the utmoft extent of the 
country known by the name of Canada. 
Winter continues here with fitch feverity, from Decem¬ 
ber to April, as that the large ft rivers are frozen over, and 
the (now lies commonly from four to fix feet deep; but, 
the air is fo clear, and the inhabitants fo well defended 
againff the cold, that this feafon js neither unhealthy nor 
unpleafant. The fpring opens f'uddenly, and vegetation 
is furprifingly rapid, The fu miner is delightful, except 
that a part of it is extremely hot. Though the climate 
be cold, and the winter long and teejious, the foil is in ge¬ 
neral very good, and in many parts both plealantaud fer¬ 
tile, producing wheat, barley, rye, with many other forts 
of grain, fruits, and vegetables ; tobacco, in particular, 
thrives well, and is much cultivated. The ifle of Orleans,, 
near Quebec, and tlie lands upon the river St. Lawrence, 
and other rivers, are remarkable for the richnefs of the 
foil. The meadow-grounds in Canada, which are well 
watered, yield excellent grafs, and feed great numbers of 
great and final 1 cattle. From Quebec, the capital, to 
Montreal, which is about 170 miles, in failing up the ri¬ 
ver St. Lawrence, the eye is entertained with beautiful 
landicapes, the banks being in many places very bold and 
fleep, and fitaded with lofty trees. The farms lie pretty 
dole all the way, feveral gentlemen’s houfes neatly built 
Ihew themfeives at intervals, and there is ail the appear¬ 
ance of a flourifiling colony ; but there are few towns or 
villages. Many beautiful iflands are interfperfed in the 
channel of the river, which have an agreeable drcCl upon 
the eye. 
By the Quebec aft, .palled by the parliament of Great 
Britain in 1791, it is enabled, that there fhail be within 
each of the provinces of Upper and .Lower Canada, a le- 
gjflative council, and an ailembly, who, with the conlent 
of the governor, appointed by the king, fha!l have power 
to make laws. The legiflative council is to confift of not 
fewer than feven members for Upper, and fifteen for Low¬ 
er, Canada ; to be fummoned by the governor, who mud 
be authorifed by the king. Such members are to hold 
their feats for life ; unlefs forfeited by four years continu¬ 
al abfence, or by fwegring allegiance to Come foreign pow¬ 
er. The ho life of adembly is to confift of not Ids than 
lixteen members from Upper, and not lefs than fifty from 
Lower, Canada; chofen by the freeholders in the leveral 
towns and diftrifts. The council and alTembly are to be 
called together at lead once in every year, and every af- 
fembiy is to continue four years, unlefs fooner dilfolved 
by the governor. Britifii America is now fuperintended 
by an officer ftyled governor-general of the four Britifli 
provinces in North America, who, belides other powers, 
is commander in chief of all the Britilh troops in the four 
provinces and the governments attached to them, and 
Newfoundland. Each of the provinces has a lieutenant- 
governor, who, in the abfence of the governor-general, 
has all the powers requilite to a chief tnagidrate. 
Upper Canada, though an infant fettlement, is faid to 
contain 40,000, by others only 20,000, Britilh and French 
inhabitants, exdufive of 10,000 loyalids, fettled in the 
upper parts of the province. The principal town of Up¬ 
per Canada is Kingdom Lower Canada, in 1784, con¬ 
tained 113,012. Both provinces may now contain about 
150,000 fouls, which number is multiplying both by na¬ 
tural increafe and by emigration. About nine-tenths of 
the inhabitants of thefe provinces are Roman Catholics, 
who enjoy, under the prefent government, the fame pro- 
vifion, rights,, and privileges, as were granted them in 
in 1774, by the aid of the 1.4th of George 111 . The red 
of the people are Epifcopalians, Prefbyterians, and a few 
of almoft ali the different feeds of Chridians. The amount 
of the exports from the province of Quebec, in the year 
1786, was.343,2621. 19S. fid. 'The amount of imports in 
the fame year was 325,116!. The exports confided of 
wheat, Hour, bifeuit, flax-feed, lumber of various kinds, 
£.th, pot-alh, oil, ginfeng and other medicinal roots, but 
C A N 67 £ 
pri ncipally of furs and peltries, to the amount of 285,977!. 
The imports confided of rum, brandy, molaftes, coffee, 
fugar, wines, tobacco, fait, chocolate, provilions for the 
troops, and dry goods. 
Tliis country was difeovered by the Englilli as early as 
1497 ; and fettled by the French in rfioS, who kept pof- 
iellion of it till 1760, when it was taken by the Britilh 
arms, and, at the treaty of Paris, in 1763, was ceded to 
the crown of England, to whom it has ever fincc.belong¬ 
ed. While the country was in pofiedion of the French, 
the Indians fupplied them with various merchandize : and 
the French had traders, who, like the original inhabitants,- 
traverled the vad lakes and rivers in canoes, with incredi¬ 
ble indudry and patience, carrying their goods into the 
remofed parts of America, and among nations entirely 
unknown to us. Thefe again brought the various furs, 
&c. as the Indians were thereby habituated to trade with, 
them. For this purpofe, people from all parts, even 
from the didance of 1000 miles, came to the. French fair 
at Montreal, which began in June, and fometimes laded 
three months. On this oceafion many folemnities were 
ohferved, guards were placed, and the governor addled 
to preferve order in fo great and various a concourfe of la¬ 
vage nations. Yet fometimes great diforders and tumults 
happened ; and the Indians, frequently impofed on, and 
heated by a fpirit of refentment, often made dreadful war 
upon the colony. One of the mod remarkable accident s- 
which hillory records of this country, is the earthquake 
in tire year 1663, which overwhelmed a chain of moun¬ 
tains of freeftone more than 500 miles long, and changed 
the immenfe trad: into a plain. 
CA'N ADA-BAY, a bay on the ead fide of Newfound¬ 
land, between White and Hare bays, which lad lies north' 
of if. 
GA'NADA CREEKS, three creeks in North America ; 
one near Fort Stanwix, or New Fort Schuyler. The other 
two are northern branches of Mohawk river: the upper 
one mingles its waters with the Mohawk in the townfnip 
of Herkemer, on the German Flats, fixteen miles below 
Old Fort Schuyler, over the mouth of which is an irsge- 
nioufly-conftrufted bridge. The other empties into the 
Mohawk thirteen miles below’. Both thefe are rapid and 
unnavigable dreams, and bring a confiderable accellion of 
water to the Mohawk. 
CANAI'LLE,/. [Fr.] The lowed people; the dregs 5 
the lees; the off-fcouring of the people. A French term 
of reproach. 
C ANAK AMPALEAM', a town of Hindooftan, in the 
Myfore country : twelve miles eaft of Sattitniingulum. 
CANAL', f. [ 'canalis , Lat.J A piece of water in a gar¬ 
den.—The walks and long canals reply. Pope .—Any trail;' 
or courfe of water made by art. In anatomy, A conduit 
or pafTage thro’ which any of the juices of the body flow.. 
CANAL' NAVIGA'TION, the art of conveying 
goods and merchandife through the interior of any coun¬ 
try, by means of natural or artificial canals, afiided by 
locks, weirs, duices, aquedufts, &c. called likewise inland.' 
navigation. In the ages of antiquity, Greece, bounded by 
the Ionian and /Egean leas, and every where indented 
with their numerous bays, harbours, creeks, and livers,, 
had little oceafion for canals ; yet feveral attempts were 
made to cut through the ifthmus of Corinth, in order to 
form a communication between the two feas, without fail¬ 
ing round the fouthern point of the Peloponnefe. Rome, 
more attentive to war than commerce, affords us no ex¬ 
ample of inland navigation ; though her magnificent aque¬ 
ducts are worthy our remembrance. But long previous to 
the age of Grecian politenefs, or Roman grandeur, under¬ 
takings of this fort were accompli filed. There are traces 
of canals cut through the whole extent of mount Pious 
in Boeotia, to drain off tfe waters of the lake Copals, a 
work of infinite labour and expence, yet of Inch remote- 
antiquity, that neither hiftory nor tradition have preferred 
any record of the perfons who let it on foot. Tire annual 
inundation of the Nile lias ever been accounted the great 
foifes’ 
