C A N I S 
from the field ; keeps herds and flocks v/Tthin bounds, and 
protects them from wild beads. By virtue of his acute 
fenle of fmelling, he points out the game to the fportf- 
man, and brings the birds that are fltot to his mafter. At 
Bruftels, and in Holland, he draws little carts to the herb 
market : in Siberia, he draws a fledge, with his mafter in 
it, or one loaded with provilions ; lie will turn a fpit; fits 
up, and begs at table ; when he has committed a theft, he 
funks away with his tail between his legs; eats envioufly 
with oblique eyes ; drives to be mafter among his fellows 
at home; is an enemy to beggars, and attacks fir-angers 
without provocation : he is fond of licking wounds, by 
which he afiuages the pain of the gout, and of cancerous 
ulcers ; howls at certain notes in mufic, and often urines 
on hearing them : he bites at a ftone flung at him : is fiek 
at the approach of bad weather; gives hhnlelf a vomit, by 
eating grabs; is afflided with tape worms; fpreads his 
madnefs; grows deaf and blind with age, ct frzpe gonorrhea 
infedlus: he eats flefii, carrion, and farinaceous vegetables, 
but not greens ; drinks by lapping; is fond of rolling on 
carrion, (beep’s dung, &c. his feent isexquilite : he goes 
obliquely, foams, and hangs out his tongue when hot, but 
fcarcely ever fweats ; about to lie down, he goes often 
round ; his deep is attended with a quick fenfe or hearing ; 
and during deep he frequently dreams; he makes water 
fideways with his leg up ; is very apt often to repeat 
it where another has done the fame, and dungs upon a 
(tone ; his dung is the greateft of (eptics. Caw's odorat 
anum alterius ; menjlruans catullit cum variis ; mordet ilia 
illos ; coharet copula junBus. The female goes fixty-three 
days with young, bringsforth from four to ten ; the males 
generally like the dog, the females like lierfelf; the 
largeft and tailed are more prolific than the fmaller kinds : 
though driven as unclean from the houfe of the Mahome¬ 
tans, yet the fame people efiablifti hofpitals for dogs, and 
allow them a daily portion of food.” 
No lefs juft and elegant, though more diffufe, is the 
following extract from Buff'on : “The dog, independent of 
the beauty of his figure, his ftrsngth, vivacity, and nim- 
blenefs, poffeffes every internal excellence which in a brute 
can attradt the regard of man. A paflionate, and even a 
ferocious and languinary, temper, renders the wild dog 
formidable to all animals ; but in the domeftic dog thefe 
hoftile difpofitions vanifti, and are lucceeded by the fofter 
fentiments of attachment, and the defire of pleafing ; he 
runs with cheerfulnefs and alacrity to his mafter’s foot, 
where he lays down his courage, his ftrength, and his 
talents: he attends for orders, which he is always foli- 
citous to execute : he confults, he interrogates, he fup- 
plicates, his mafter; a fingle glance of the eye is fufficient, 
for he knows the external ligns of our intentions and 
wifties : his feelings are extremely delicate, and he has 
more fidelity and fteadinefs in his affections than man : he 
is not corrupted by ambition, rarely by interefted views, 
or by a defire of revenge ; and he has no fear but that of 
difpleafing : he is all zeal, ardour, and obedience ; more 
apt to recal benefits than outrages : he is not to be dif. 
couraged by blows or bad treatment, but calmly fuffers, 
and foon forgets them ; or he remembers them only to 
increafe his attachment: inftead of flying, or difeovering 
marks of refentment, he expofes himfelf to torture, and 
licks the hand from which he'received the blow ; to the 
cruelty of his mafter, he only oppofes complaint, patience, 
and lubmiffion : fin ely the mafter rauft be void of huma¬ 
nity that can abufe fuch a fervant. Equally furious againft 
thieves as againft rapacious animals,he attacks and wounds 
them, and forces them from whatever they have been at¬ 
tempting to carry off: but, contented with viffory, he 
lies down upon the fpoil, and will not touch it even to 
fatisfy his appetite, exhibiting at the fame time an exam- 
le of courage, temperance, and fidelity : he reigns at the 
ead of a flock, and is better heard than the voice of the 
fhepherd ; fafety, order, and difeipline, are the fruits of 
his vigilance and activity; flieep and cattle are a people 
fubjetted to his management, whom he prudently con¬ 
ducts and protefts, and never employs force againft them, 
but for the prefervation of peace and good order. 
“ But in war againft his enemies, or wild animals, he 
makes a full difplay of his courage and intelligence ; he 
(hares with his mafter the pleafure and fatigue of the chafe; 
here too his natural and acquired talents are united and 
exerted ; by the acutenefs of his (cent he unravels all the 
windings of the labyrinth, all the falfe routes which were 
intended to deceive him ; and, inftead of abandonding the 
objed of his purfuit for a different animal, he redoubles 
his ardour, he overtakes, attacks, flays, and extinguiihes 
his third and his rage in the blood of the vidtim. The 
lion and the tiger, whofe ftrength is Co great as to enfure 
them of viclory, hunt alone, and without artifice : wolves, 
foxes, and wild dogs, hunt in p'acks, afiift each other with 
much art, and mutually (hare in the prey. When the 
natural talents of the dog have been improved by educa¬ 
tion ; when lie has learned to reprefs his ardour, and to 
regulate his movements; he then hunts artificially, and is 
almoft certain of fuccefs. 
“ The predominant attachment of the whole race of 
dogs towards mankind, i prevents thefe animals from fepa~ 
rating from us till deferted, or, by fome accident, left in 
places where there was no poflibility of re-union. They 
are found wild in Congo, Lower ^Ethiopia, and towards 
the Cape of Good Hope. Thefe are red-haired, have 
(lender bodies, and turned-up tails like greyhounds; others 
refemble hounds, are of various colours, have eredt ears, 
and are of the fize of a large fox-hound: they run very 
fwiftly, deftroy cattle, hunt down antelopes, as our dogs 
do the (lag, and are >very deftructive to the animals of 
chafe: they have no certain refidence, and are very feldom 
killed, being fo crafty as to (hun all traps; and of fuch 
fagacious nofes, as to avoid every thing that has been 
touched by man: they go in packs, attack lions, tigers, 
and elephants, but are often killed by them : they fome- 
tinies attack the (heep of the Hottentots, and commit great 
ravages among them. There are alfo multitudes of wild 
dogs in South America, derived from thofe carried over,, 
and left there, by the European difeoverers of that con¬ 
tinent : they breed in holes like foxes : when found young, 
they inftantly attach themfelves to mankind, and will never 
afterwards join the wild dogs, or defert their mafters: they 
have not forgot to bark, as fome have alleged : they are 
very vigilant, and excellent in the chafe.” 
The dog is fubjeft to more varieties than any other qua¬ 
druped. Each of thefe varieties will reproduce; and, 
mixing with others, produce varieties again, almoft with¬ 
out end. Yet certain kinds are more numerous and more 
permanent than others, probably from their ufefulnefs, 
and having more attention paid to their breed. It is per. 
haps impollible to enumerate or deferibe all the varieties; 
but the following catalogue given by Dr. Gmelin, in his 
improved edition of the Syftema Naturae of Linnaeus, 
feems to be the moft perfect of any extant. Mr. Pennant 
remarks, that the original parent of dogs is, with great 
reafon, fuppofed to be the lchakal or jackal; that, from 
their tamed offspring, cafually crofted with the wolf, the 
fox, and even the hyaena, have arifen the numberlefs 
forms and fizes of the canine race, deferibed as under, viz. 
Canis domefticus, or (hepherds dog; with erefted ears 
and woolly tail. Canis Pomeranus, or Pomeranian dog; 
witli long hair, eredf ears, and tail curved upwards. Canis 
Sibiricus, or Siberian dog; with eredled ears, curled tail, 
and (baggy hair. Canis Iflandicus, or Iceland dog; hav¬ 
ing erected ears with pendulous points, long hair all over 
the body, except on the fnout, which is Ibort. Canis 
aquaticus’major, or great water-dog; the hair univerlally 
curled over the whole body, like the fleece of a (heep. 
Canis aquaticus minor, or lefler water-dog; with long 
curled hair, which, about the ears, is longer, and hangs 
downwards. Canis brevipilis, or the pyrame; with a 
fmall round head, ftiort fnout, and tail turned up on the 
back. Canis extrarius, or the fpaniel; with long, (haggy, 
pendulous, ears, Canis mditxus, or (hock dog, by lome 
called 
