CANIS. 
called the hairy Maltefe dog; abor.t the fize of a fquirrel, 
with very long foil fiIky hair all over the body. Canis 
leoninus, or lion-dog; exceedingly fmall, with long hair, 
like the preceding, on the fore part of the body, but the 
hind part fhort and frnooth. Canis variegatus, or little 
Danifli dog; with fmall half pendulous ears, a pointed 
note, and thin legs. " Canis hybridus, or baftard pug dog ; 
with half pendulous ears, and a thick flattilh nofe. Canis 
fricator, or pug dog ; with pendulous ears, nofe curved 
upwards, and body fquat. Canis moloflus, or bull-dog; 
with projedting chin, Tides of the lips pendulous, dufky 
fnout, and ftrong robuft body. Canis Anglicus, or maftiff; 
with large head, robull body, and pendulous chops. Ca¬ 
nis Gallicus, or hound ; with pendulous ears, erected tail, 
and a l'purious toe, called a dew-claw. Canis fagax, or 
German hound ; with pendulous ears, large body, and 
dew-claw. Canis Scoticus, or blood-hound; with large 
head and robuft body; alfo called the fagacious Scotch 
dog. Canis venaticus, or leit hound of Ridinger. Canis 
avicularis, or pointer; with wide nofe, pendulous ears, 
and fhort tail. Canis aquatilis, or barbet; with longcoarfe 
hair, and truncated tail. Canis curforius, or grey-hound; 
with a narrow head, elongated nofe, half pendulous ears, 
and long thin body. Canis curforius Hibernicus* or Irifli 
grey-hound; with a narrow projecting fnout, arched bo¬ 
dy, pendulous ears, and very tall and Itrong legs. Canis 
curforius Turcicus, or Turkifh grey-hound; with an 
arched body, narrow fnout, and curled hair. Canis gra- 
jus, or common grey-hound; with frnooth hair, curved 
body, half pendulous ears, and narrow face. Canis grajus 
hirfutus, or rough grey-hound; with arched body, and 
wired (haggy hair. Canis grajus Italicus, or Italian grey¬ 
hound ; of a fmall delicate make, frnooth hair, and round¬ 
ed body. Canis grajus Orientalis, or Oriental grey-hound ; 
with very pendulous ears, tall flender body, and very long 
hairs on the tail. Canis .ffi’gyptius, or naked dog ; hav¬ 
ing no hair on the body. Canis laniarius, or lurcher ; co¬ 
vered with fliort thick-fet hair, long body, ftrong legs, 
and thick (traight tail. Canis laniarius aprinus, or rough 
lurcher ; with thick ftrong body, wholly covered with rough 
wirey hair. Canis laniarius fuillus, or boar lurcher; with 
broad and thick fnout, hind part of the body lank, legs 
long, and the hair (haggy and harfh. Canis vertegus, or 
turnfpit; with fhort legs, long compact body, and moftly 
fpotted ; there are alfo varieties of the turnfpit withftraight 
legs, with crooked legs, and with (haggy hair. Canis 
Americanos, or American alco ; about the fize of a fquir- 
rel, having a fmall head, pendulous ears, a curved body, 
and fhort tail. Canis Americanos obefus, or fat alco; 
being always prodigioufly fat, with very fmall head, pro¬ 
jected fnout, pendulous ears, arched body, and yellow hair 
on the back. Canis Americanos plancus, or terchichi ; 
which refentbles the fmall dogs of Europe, but has a wild 
and melancholy air. Canis antarCticus, or New Holland 
dog; Avith fhort erected ears, bufhy tail, and pointed muz¬ 
zle. This lift of dogs admits of the following claffifica- 
tion, wherein the leading variety is placed at the head of 
each clafs, and its neareft allies or fubordinate varieties 
are placed under it.- 
I. The Shepherd’s Dog ; canis domeflicus . The cha¬ 
racters of this variety are, that they are fitarp-nofed, ereCt, 
and (harp-eared; very hairy, efpecially about the neck, 
and have their tails turned up or curled ; they are natu¬ 
rally the molt fenfible : they become, without difcipline, 
almofl inftantly, the guardians of the flocks; they keep 
them within bounds, reduce the flragglers to their proper 
limits, and defend them from the attacks of the foxes 
and of the wolves. In temperate climates, they are very 
numerous, though greater attention has been paid to the 
rearing of more beautiful kinds, than to the prefcrvation 
of this race, which has no recommendation but its utility, 
and for that reaf'on has been abandoned to the care of the 
fhcep farmers. Notwithffanding their inelegance, they are 
fuperior, in inflindt, to mod others; they ar« of a decided 
Vol. III. No. 157. 
character, independent of education, though no doubt that 
improves them : guided folely by their natural powers, 
they apply themfelves, as it were fpontaneoufly, to the 
keeping of flocks; an employment which they execute 
with amazing fidelity, vigilance, and afliduity : their ta¬ 
lents at the fame time aftonilh and give repofe to their 
mailers, while other dogs require the mod laborious in- 
drudtion to train them to their deflined purpofes. 
The fubordinate varieties of the fheplierd’s dog are, 
1. The Pomeranian dog, or wolf-dog of Billion. 2. The 
Siberian dog, a variety of the former, very common in 
RufTia. The other varieties in the inland parts of the 
Ruffian empire and Siberia, are chiefly from the fhepherd’s 
dog; and there is a high-limbed taper-bodied kind, the 
common dog of the Calmuc and independent Tartars, ex¬ 
cellent for the chafe, and for many other ufes. Of the 
fame kind are the dogs in Greenland and Kamtfehatka. 
The Greenlanders fometimes eat their flelh: they make 
garments of their (kins, and life them in drawing (ledges. 
'1 he dogs of Kamtfehatka are alio very iifeful in drawing 
fledges, the only method of travelling in that dreary coun¬ 
try during winter. They travel vvith great expedition. 
Captain King relates, that, during his flay there, a courier 
with difpatches, drawn by them, performed a journey of 
270 miles in lefs than four days. The fledges are ufually 
drawn by five dogf, four of them yoked two and two 
abreafl: the foremoft ails as leader to the reft. The reins, 
being fattened to a collar round tlie leading dog’s neck, 
are of little tile in directing the pack; the driver depend¬ 
ing chiefly upon their obedience to his voice, with which 
he animates them to proceed. Great care and attention 
are confequently ufed in trainingup thofe for leaders, which 
are more valuable according to their fteadinefs and doci¬ 
lity ; the lum of forty roubles, or ten pounds, being no 
unufual price for one of them. The rider has a crooked 
flick, anfwering the purpofe both of whip and reins ; with 
which, by ftriking on the ftiow, he regulates the fpeed of 
the dogs, or flops them at his pleafure. When they are 
inattentive to their duty, he often chafrifes them by throw¬ 
ing it at them. He difeovers great dexterity in regaining 
his flick, wdiicli is the greateft difficulty attending his fitu- 
ation; for, if he fliould happen to lofe it, the dogs imme¬ 
diately difeover the circumftance, and feidom fail to fet 
oft’ at full fpeed, and continue to run till their ftrength is 
exhaufled, or till the carriage is overturned, dafhed to 
pieces, or hurried down a precipice. 
II. The Hound ; canis Galiicus. This variety has long, 
frnooth, and pendulous, ears ; and is the head of the other 
kinds with frnooth and hanging ears. The fubordinate va¬ 
riations are, 1. The beagle, harrier, fox-hound, and blood¬ 
hound. 2. The Dalmatian dog, a beautiful fpotted kind, 
erroneoufly calk’d the Danifli dog. 3. The turnfpit with 
bent or ffraight legs ; and, 4* The water-dog, great and 
fmall, the canis aviarius aquaticus of Ray, well known 
and exceedingly ferviceable to the fportfman. 5. The 
Spaniih pointer, from whom is derived the Englifh (pecies, 
crofted with the fox-hound, harrier, &c. The hounds, 
the harriers, the fpanieis, the terriers, and the water-dogs, 
are the true hunting-dogs. No country in Europe can 
boaft of harriers and fox-houndsequal in fwiftnefs, ftrength, 
or agility, to thofe of Britain ; where the utmoft attention 
is paid to their breeding, education, and maintenance. 
The climate alfo feems congenial to their nature; for, when 
hounds of the Englifh breed have been Cent into France, 
or other countries, they quickly degenerate, and in fome 
degree lofe thofe qualities for which they were originally 
fo admirable. 
The blood-hound was in great requeft with our ancef- 
tors; and, as it was remarkable for the acutenefs of its 
feent, it was frequently employed in recovering game that 
had efcaped wounded from the hunter. It could follow, 
with great certainty, the footfteps of a man to a co-nfidef- 
able diftance : and in barbarous and uncivilized times, 
when the thief or murderer had fled, this uleful creature 
S U would 
