§22 C A U 
CAL’'CALIS,y. [xavxaTut, Gr. caucalis , Lat. from the 
form of the feeds, which referable oblong hemifpherical 
velfels.] Base Parsley ; irt botany, a genus of the clafs 
pentandna, order digynia, natural order umbellatae, or 
urnbelliferae. The generic characters are—Calyx: um¬ 
bel univerfal unequal, with very few rays ; umbel partial 
unequal, with more copious rays, of which the five exte¬ 
rior are longer ; involucre univerfal with leaflets of the 
number of the rays, undivided, lanceolate, membranace¬ 
ous at the edge, ovate, fliort ; involucre partial with con- 
fimiiar leaflets, longer than the rays, often five ; perian- 
thium proper five-toothed, protruded. Corolla univer¬ 
fal difform, racfwte ; florers of the difk abortive ; proper 
one of the difk male, fmall ; petals five, infledted-cor- 
date, unequal, the exterior one very large, bifid. Sta¬ 
mina in all the flowers ; filaments five, capillary; anlhe- 
iae fmall. Piftillum: germ of the ray oblong, rugged, 
inferior ; ftyles two, fubulate ; fligmas two, fpreading, 
obtufe. Pericarpium : fruit ovate-oblong, with longitu¬ 
dinal ftreaks, hifpid with little rigid bridles. Seeds two, 
oblong, convex on one fide, armed in the direction of the 
ftreaks with fubulate points, flat on the other fide.— EJ/en- 
tial CharaEter. Corolla radiated, in the difk male ; petals 
infiex-emarginate ; fruit hifpid with bridles ; involucres 
entire. 
Spears, i. Caucalis grandiflora, or great-flowered baf¬ 
tard parlley : each involucre five-leaved, one leaflet dou¬ 
ble the lize of the red. Stem very fmooth and even, two 
feet in height, and branched; leaves like thofe of carrot, 
decompound, with very fmall narrow leaflets, even, but 
rugged underneath. The ffem varies in different litua- 
tions, fometimes two feet high, ftraight, and branching 
only at top ; fometimes much lower, and brandling from 
the very bottom. It is a native of the fouth of Europe ; 
introduced in 1775, by Jacquin ; and flowers in July and 
Auguft. 
2. Caucalis daucoides, or carrot-leaved baftard parfley: 
Umbels trifid, leaflets ; umbellules three-feeded, three 
leaved. Stem a foot high, upright, angular-grooved, 
branched, and even ; the joints white with briftles. Na¬ 
tive of the fouth of Europe. 
3. Caucalis lutifolia, or broad-leaved baftard parfley : 
involucres and involucrets membranaceous; univerfal um¬ 
bel with about four rays'; bridles of the feeds cluttered 
and hifpid ; leaves pinnate, galfied, and hairy. This is 
the mod beautiful of our native umbelliferous plants. 
Stem from a foot to eighteen inches, or fometimes near 
two feet, in height, branched, angular, fiet with fliort 
prickles pointing upwards. Native of Germany, Swiifer- 
land, Italy, France, and England. It is one of our rare 
pilants, and has been obferved in Cambridgefhire and 
Hampftiire, in corn-fields, flowering from June to Auguft. 
4. Caucalis Mauritania, or Barbary baftard parfley : 
univerfal involucre one-leaved ; partial involucres three¬ 
leaved. Native of Barbary. 
5. Caucalis Orientalis, or Eaftern baftard parfley : um¬ 
bels fpreading; partial leaflets fuperdecompound, lacini- 
ated ; fmall d.vftions linear. Stem herbaceous, round, 
ftraight, (freaked, branching, three feet high. Native of 
the Levant and China. 
6. Caucalis letophylla, or fine-leaved baftard parfley: 
univerfal involucre l’carc ’ any ; umbel bifid ; involucre's 
five-leaved. Stern low, 1 'd, rugged backwards. Na¬ 
tive of the fouth of Europe, and of England, in corn-fields 
and by way-fides; in Cambridgelliire, Lincolnfhire, Nor¬ 
folk, &c. flowering in June and July. 
7. Caucalis arvenlis, or corn baftard parfley : univerfal 
involucre fcarcely any ; feeds ovate; ftyles reflex ; leaves 
decompound ; outnioft leaflet linear-lanceolate ; ftem 
branching very much. Stem Angle, from fix inches to 
two feet high, but Very feldorn more than a foot or eigh¬ 
teen inches, dividing near the bottom into numerous, al¬ 
ternate, angular, brandies, fpreading very much, a little 
crooked, below fmooth and reddilh, above roughifti with 
minute, fliort, apprelfcd, hairs, firiatcd and green. This 
C A U 
fpecies feems not to have been diflinguiflied by old writers 
from the next following. Goodyer appears firft to have 
noticed it, and Ray firft difcriminated them thus : 1. That 
is taller, being frequently three feet high: this feldonx 
exceeding a foot, certainly not a cubit. 2. That is more 
upright with longer internodes ; this twifted and diffufed, 
with more frequent joints. 3. That has the ftalk near the 
ground more hirfute. 4. The florets of that are white or 
very pale red, with alnioft equal petals, and purple an¬ 
thers ; the petals of this incline to yellow, the two outer 
ones are evidently larger than the three inner ones, and 
the anthers are white. 5. The feeds of this are much 
larger, with the permanent ftyles green ; the feeds of that 
are far more fragrant ajid aromatic, of a darker colour, 
with purple ftyles. Finally, that is feldorn found except in 
hedges and among buflies ; whereas this commonly grows 
among corn, never in hedges. I fit be No. 742 of Hal¬ 
ler, it is wild in Swifferland, probably it is common in 
other countries as well as England ; but it has not been 
diflinguiflied from the anthrifcus. 
8. Caucalis anthrifcus, or hedge baflard parfley : invo¬ 
lucres many-leaved ; feeds ovate ; ftyles reflex ; leaves 
decompound ; outnioft leaflet linear-lanceolate. Stern 
from four to fix feet high, upright, foinewhat flexuofe, 
round, purplifh, rough, covered with minute, white, ri¬ 
gid, briftles, prefled downwards to the ftem, and fcarcely 
vifible. The prefence of the involucre is a ready diftinc- 
tion of this from the foregoing fort, which it refembles 
very much ; but it is fometimes fo clofely prelfed to the 
rays, as not to be immediately vifible ; the ftyles too, in 
general, are bent or bowed backwards to a greater degree 
in this. It is common in hedges and bufhes, flowering in 
July and Auguft. Withering fays that horfesare fond of it. 
9. Caucalis nodofa, or knotted baftard parfley : umbels 
Ample, fubfeflile ; leaves fuperdecompound. Stems two, 
three, or more, round, ftriated, rough, branched, com¬ 
monly proftrate, from a fpan to a cubit in length ; leaves 
_ fomewhat like thofe of parfnip, but fliorter and fewer, 
and much more finely cur, winged, fliglitly hairy on each 
fide, very dark green : the whole plant is rigid. Native 
of the fouth of Europe, and- of England, on the borders 
of corn-fields and on banks ; floweiing from May to Au- 
girft. Johnfon (in' Gerarde) marks it as growing in the 
fields and on the banks about St. James’s and Piccadilly. 
We have retained the old Englifli name of baftard parfley 
for thefe plants. Gerarde fays, they are alfocalled hen’s-foot. 
Propagation and Cvlture. Thefe plants are all annual, 
or at molt biennial, and are feldorn culiivated, except in 
botanic gardens. They will rife readily from feeds, where 
they are permitted to fcatter ; or, if any perfon be defirous 
of railing them, the feeds fhould be fown in autumn, foon 
after they are ripe. They will grow in any foil and fitua- 
tion. See Conium, Daucus, Echinophora, Sani- 
cula, Scandix, and Tordylium. 
CAU'CASUS, a mountain of Afia, which extends from 
the Black Sea to the Cafpian Sea. It is full of rocks and 
frightful precipices, paffable in many places only by nar¬ 
row paths. The tops are perpetually covered with lnow$ 
and uninhabited. Below the fummit it is fertile, and 
abundant in gorn (a fpecies of grain refembling millet, and 
cultivated as rice), wheat, honey, wine, fruits, fvvine, and 
large cattle. It is well fupplied with excellent water, and 
thick fet with villages. The vines grow round trees to 
the top-moft branches ; the wine is excellent, and fo cheap, 
that in fome places the weight of 300 pounds is to be 
bought for a crown. The inhabitants are of leveral dif¬ 
ferent nations, for the nioft part Chriftians ; thofe on the 
north principally fubjedt to Ruflia, and thole on the fouth 
to Turkey. 
CAU'CASUS (Government of), a province of Ruflia, 
which takes its name from the mountain fo called ; bound¬ 
ed on the north-weft by the fca of Azoph and the country 
of the Coflacks, on the north-eaft by the goverments of 
Saratoy and Upha, on the eall by the Cafpian Sea and the 
river Ural, on the foutli by the river Cuban and Georgia. 
The 
