SOURCES. 
61 
considered identical with the u Sodom Apple” of the 
ancient writers. They were used in the Orient in the 
process of dyeing Turkey red. 
Piedmontese galls are developed on the acorns of 
Quercus pedunculata, Quercus sessiliflora, and some 
other species, by the sting of the Cynips Quercus-ccily- 
cis. They arc known as lcnoppern or acorn-galls. These 
galls, which are of the size of a hazel-nut to that of a 
walnut, are collected in the large forests of Austria- 
Hungary from August to October, and are brought into 
commerce partly whole, partly in the powdered condi¬ 
tion, and are either used directly in one of these forms 
or are converted into extract. They contain about 45 
per cent, of tannic acid, which, according to Lowe, is « 
identical with that obtained from other galls. Some 
authorities give 20 per cent., others 50 per cent., as the 
tannin strength of these acorn-galls, and, no doubt, 
they vary greatly in value according to the time of 
collection. They are largely used by the tanners 
throughout Austria, 
The German galls are produced on the twigs of Quer¬ 
cus robur, and are probably identical with the English 
galls analyzed by Watson Smith in 1869, with the fol¬ 
lowing results: 
Tannic acicl . 26.71 per cent. 
G-allic acid. traces only. 
Woody fibre. 47.88 per cent. 
Moisture. 20.61 “ 
Coloring and loss. 4.80 “ 
100.00 “ 
They were obtained directly from Cheshire, and the 
author suggested that the absence of gallic acid was 
6 
