jan. 3,1916 Effect of Low Temperature on Fungi and Bacteria 653 
ture fell below that point the official records of the Weather Bureau 
were considered as applicable to this test. The temperature was recorded 
from the date of exposure to March 1, 1914. 
Table II summarizes briefly the extremes of temperature in the corn- 
crib and also gives the lowest official record during each week of exposure. 
Table II. —Temperature records at Burlington , Vt. } during winter of ig 13-14 
Bate, 
Range in comerib. 
Lowest official 
record. 
Dec. 12—10. 1012 . 
°C. 
7 to -13 
4. 5 to — 9 
- 4 5 to -23 
0 to —19 
°C. 
-14 
— O. 4 
* * # * * • ' *.* * * ■ * * * * • • • * * * 
Dec. 10—26, 1013 . 
Dec. 26. 1013— Tan. 2, 1014 . 
V* 4 
a -24.4 
-20. 5 
6 -32 * 
— 23 . 3 
Tan. 2—0. 1014 . 
Tan. 0—16, 1014 ... 
2 to —29 
— 4 to —22. 8 
Tan. 16—23. 1014 . 
Tan. 23— ?o, 1014 . 
7 to —2a 5 
4. 5 to -14 
2. 8 to — 26. 6 
— 22 
Tan. 30-Feb. 6. 1014 . 
Feb. 6—13, 1014 .. 
c -30 
a -27. 7 
e -25 
Feb. 13—20, 1014 . 
— 4 to —26 
Feb. 20—28, 1914 . 
10 to-23. 3 
a Jan. i. b Jan. 14. c Feb. 12. ^Feb. 16. «Feb. 25. 
Tests were made of the vitality of the cultures on January 17, February 
21, and March 27. These tests were made by transferring some of the 
growth from duplicate tubes of all the exposed cultures to fresh media 
of corresponding kind and holding at room temperature (19 to 22 0 C.) 
for several days. An abundance of tubes had been prepared, so that 
when the transfers showed no growth at the end of seven days two more 
exposed tubes could be brought in and tested. It will be noted that the 
first test for vitality was made on January 17, immediately following 
the extremely cold weather of January 13 and 14, when the official 
record was — 30° and — 32 0 C., respectively. Many of the organisms 
had withstood temperatures of — 24 0 the previous winter, so it was not 
thought necessary to test any of them until they had experienced more 
severe cold. In Table III the results of these tests are summarized. 
Each sign used indicates the response of one culture; the plus (+) signs 
indicate growth, and the minus ( —) signs mean that the culture was 
dead; “c” denotes contamination of the culture. 
