PLATE 3 
A 20-year-old stand of Douglas fir (with white pine and others) which succeeded a 
single fire. No seed trees are in sight and none were left after the fire. Note the 
varying density of the reproduction traceable to several causes, but chiefly to the 
action of ground fire. Photographed near Paradise Ridge, Columbia National Forest, 
by Wemstedt, 1912. 
