78 
Journal of Agricultural Research' 
Vol. XI, No. 3 
In addition to the authors already cited, Sato (n) has observed that 
the ash of Japanese insect powder (made from flowers only) always 
contains manganese. 
Hafner and Krist (3) examined 164 drugs qualitatively for manganese 
and found it in all but a very few. The flowers of the German chamo¬ 
mile ( Matricaria chamomilla L.) and of the Roman chamomile ( Anthemis 
nobilis L-), both of which have been used to adulterate insect powder, 
were found to contain manganese. 
In regard to the distribution of manganese in the different parts of a 
plant, Saussure (12, p. 303) stated that the proportion of the oxids of 
iron and manganese in the ash increases as growth advances. Leaves 
of trees contain more of these oxids in the fall than in the spring, as is 
also the case with annuals. The seeds contain less than the stems. 
Andreasch (1) found no manganese in the roots, stalk, or leaves of 
Dianthus caryophyllus, but there were unmistakable traces in the flowers. 
In the ash of the Rosa remontana a trace of manganese was found in the 
leaves, a distinct trace in the flowers, but none in the roots or stalk. 
This is the earliest recorded case of the finding of manganese in the 
flowers of a plant. 
Pichard (10) held that manganese concentrates in the leaves and 
young shoots of a plant; or, in other words, in those parts of greatest 
vegetative activity.' 
Boname (2) always found more manganese in the leaves of sugar cane 
than in the stems, although the amount in both varied considerably 
from month to month. 
Jadin and Astruc (4) stated that manganese is present in all plants. 
Of the same plant the aerial part contains more manganese than the 
subterranean part, from which they concluded that the chlorophyllic 
organs are richest in this element. These authors (6) also found more 
manganese in the old than in the young leaves, calculated on the fresh 
basis. On the dry basis the differences were of the same order but of 
less magnitude; on the basis of the ash, however, the order was reversed, 
there being more manganese in the ash of the young leaves. There 
were several exceptions to this rule. 
Kelley (8, p. 35, 38; 9, p. 220-221) found that the distribution of 
manganese in the different parts of plants varies in different species. 
For example, the leaves of the pineapple contain 10 times as much 
manganese as the stalk, while, on the other hand, the stems of the pea¬ 
nut vine contain 10 times as much as the leaves. Usually, however, it 
is greatest in the leaves. In no instance was it found in greatest concen¬ 
tration in the seed. 
If pyrethrum stems contained a much greater amount of manganese 
than the flowers, or vice versa, a determination of this element in an 
