160 
February 11, 
MAKING AND USING LIME-SULPHUR. 
TV. K., Zurich, Fa.—I note limc-sul- 
pliur spray for apples advocated for Sum¬ 
mer work. 1. Can you inform me whether 
it is settled that lime-sulphur is a good 
substitute for blue vitriol? 2. Is the for¬ 
mula 1-30 lime-sulphur enough to kill San 
Jose scale? If so is it necessary to spray in 
early Spring before the buds swell for scale? 
I noted an article on this subject stating 
the less boiling of the concentrate the less 
burning of the trees? 3. Just how should 
the concentrate be made and how long 
should it be boiled? 
Value of Lime-Sulphur. — 1. First I 
will say it is settled that lime-sulphur 
is a good substitute for Bordeaux Mix¬ 
ture, which 1 presume is what the ques¬ 
tioner means by blue vitriol. In fact 
nearly all horticulturists, entomologists 
and many of the best fruit growers 
throughout the East think it much su¬ 
perior. Experiments carried on by many 
stations, growers, etc., myself among 
them, seem to indicate that lime-sulphur 
is as good a fungicide as the Bordeaux 
Mixture, and this i.s the only part of 
the question to take into consideration, 
as it has been proven beyond the shadow 
of a doubt that when used in connec¬ 
tion with arsenate of lead it is as good 
an insecticide. This seems to narrow 
the thing down to which does the most 
injury. And surely there is no question 
about that; anyone who has ever used 
the Bordeaux Mixture regularly has, 
some seasons at least, had very severe 
injury from rusting of the fruit, the 
amount depending largely upon the 
weather immediately after the spraying, 
and amount of mixture applied. On 
the other hand, there are no reports of 
severe injury from use of the lime- 
sulphur as a Summer spray when prop¬ 
erly made and diluted. In my own ex¬ 
periments, which covered 10 varieties, 
while there was some russeted fruit, it 
was in no case more than on the check 
trees that were not sprayed at all. This 
is practically the same in all the experi¬ 
ments where 1 have been able to get 
data; that is, no injury except where 
slight traces are taken into considera¬ 
tion. And wherever the two mixtures 
have been used side by side for com¬ 
parison the supremacy of lime-sulphur 
is unquestionable. That leaves one more 
thing to be taken into consideration, 
the proper dilution of the mixture and 
its purity. With us, a pure mixture 
diluted one to 30 gave no burning. 
Use for San Jose Scale.—2. It has 
been reported by at least one man that 
lime-sulphur diluted one to 30 would 
eradicate San Jose scale. This may be 
possible by making thorough applications 
at short intervals during the entire sea¬ 
son when scale are active. It surely 
has no effect at this strength after the 
covering has been secreted; that means 
those who have advanced this far must 
go on and perform their functions of 
reproduction, and you must catch the 
young as they are produced. They are 
produced every day during the hatch¬ 
ing season, which extends into late Fall; 
consequently you must make frequent 
applications or you are not advancing. 
Surely where only one or two applica¬ 
tions are made during the season there 
will be no beneficial result noticeable 
in the reduction of numbers. Therefore 
it is necessary to make the dormant 
spray before buds open at a strength 
of one to S l /2 (based on a 33° Beaume 
test of the mixture) if you would ef¬ 
fectually control the San Jose scale. 
This is not only the most practical way', 
but the most practical remedy as well. 
And I must confess I am always sur¬ 
prised when people ask if this is a 
necessary treatment for scale, for to my 
mind no man who wants to take the best 
care of his orchard can afford to neglect 
this application even if he has not got 
San Jose scale, for beside being the best 
remedy for that, it is also the best 
remedy for blister mite, Oyster-shell 
scale and Scurfy bark-louse. It is also 
beneficial in holding in check many 
other insects and fungus growths of 
many kinds. In fact its benefits are so 
many and varied as a dormant spray or 
wash that even the most ardent admirer 
fails to realize its scope. 
Making the Concentrate.—3. As J. 
M. K. says I stated the less boiling of 
the concentrate the less burning of the 
trees, I am sure he did not read the 
article on page 1115 carefully, for when 
I made that statement it was about the 
self-boiled mixture, which is quite a 
different thing from the concentrated 
mixture. Up until last Fall, when talk¬ 
ing about the concentrated lime-sulphur 
mixture the Cordley formula was gen¬ 
erally meant. That is the one after 
which all the commercial concentrates 
were supposed to be made as well as the 
homemade. The ingredients for this 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER 
when bought in comparatively large 
quantities were, labor included, $3.05 for 
enough for 50 gallons of mixture or an 
average of $3.90 for the equivalent of 
50 gallons of commercial mixture test¬ 
ing 33° B. The past two years Dr. 
Van Slyke and Prof. Parrott, both of 
the Geneva Experiment Station, have 
been working on a new formula. Last 
year it was found to be a very much 
better one than the old formula. It 
gave higher testing mixtures, less sedi¬ 
ment, was equally as effective, and re¬ 
duced the cost about $1 per barrel of 
50 gallons. The experiments were long 
and many, yet all it is necessary for us 
to know is that the amounts set forth 
are the greatest ones that will enter into 
solution with 50 gallons of water; con¬ 
sequently any greater amounts of lime 
and sulphur do not add to the strength 
of the mixture, but do add to the sedi¬ 
ment. As I consider these amounts the 
most practical as well as economical, 
they are the ones I am recommending 
and are 80 pounds sulphur, 40 pounds 
stone lime and 50 gallons water, and 
should cost for the prepared solution 
where 50 gallons can be cooked at one 
time about: 80 pounds sulphur, $1.50; 
40 pounds lime, 27 cents; labor, fuel, 
etc., 30 cents; total cost, $2.07. These 
figures are taken from a table furnished 
by Prof. Parrott and are what it ac¬ 
tually cost on the average to make a 
number of lots, and cost also on the 
average $2.63 for the equivalent of 50 
gallons of commercial concentrate test¬ 
ing 33° B. 
You see the 50 gallons actually cost 
only $2.07, but this will not test quite 
as high, averaging a little over 28° B., 
so will not go as far as the commercial 
that tests 33° B., therefore it takes more 
gallons to do the same work, which 
makes the equivalent cost $2.63. If only 
25 gallons can be cooked at one time, 
the cost will be a little greater. 
Making the Lime-Sui.piiur at Home. 
—It is not practical to make over 25 
gallons in a 50-gallon barrel where live 
steam is used, or in the average potash 
kettle with fire, so I will give recipe for 
that amount, and anyone who has the 
facilities may double or treble as the 
case may be. For steam, put five gal¬ 
lons of water in barrel and 40 pounds 
sulphur, turn on steam and cook a few 
minutes until it is a smooth paste, keep¬ 
ing stirred; add 10 gallons of water and 
20 pounds stone lime, boil for 45 min¬ 
utes, add water to make 25 gallons, cool 
to 65° and test clear liquid with a hydro¬ 
meter. With potash kettle, put in five 
gallons of water and 40 pounds sulphur, 
start fire and boil and stir a few min- 
(Continued on next page.) 
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