312 
THIS RURAL NEW-YORKER 
March 11, 
THE CAUSE OF WINTER-KILLING. 
C. V., Bayfield, Wis. —How many degrees 
of cold can Bartlett pear trees stand with¬ 
out serious injury? Will the fruit buds of 
Bartlett pears stand as much cold as apple 
buds? I live on a peninsula extending out 
into Lake Superior ; there is a big body of 
water on three sides of my land, that never 
freezes over. The air is always moist, the 
snowfall is so heavy here that we never 
have any frost in the ground, except a few 
inches sometimes early in Fall. I have 
three-year-old Bartlett trees, that have 
stood three weeks of 10 to 28 below zero, 
and were alive to the last bud in Spring. 
\ve are, however,, liable to have longer 
spells of cold weather here than that. This 
is a new country and the only place west 
of the eastern shore of Lake Michigan 
wuere there is any water protection from 
the west and north. I understand that 
winter-killing is caused by evaporation due 
to very dry air and frozen ground. We 
shall have no trouble here from these two 
causes. If the fruit buds of a Bartlett can 
stand a temperature of 25 to 30 below 
zero for two or three nights occasionally, 
1 am convinced that I could succeed with 
Bartletts. 
Ans.— The Bartlett pear tree and its 
buds are about the same in hardiness as 
those of ordinary apple varieties, such 
as Jonathan, Baldwin, Rhode Island 
Greening and Golden Russet, but they 
are not so hardy as those of Oldenburg, 
Yellow Transparent and others of the 
Russian class. It would seem that older 
trees of all these varieties, including the 
Bartlett pear, must be growing in the 
vicinity of the inquirer, or at least on 
the peninsula mentioned as being sur¬ 
rounded on three sides by open water, 
and if so the answer could be had right 
there and of the most positive charac¬ 
ter. Similarly situated regions in the 
northern part of Lake Michigan are 
quite mild in climate and any kind of 
apples, pears and peaches are grown 
there with good success, as I have often 
seen them doing. It would be worth 
while to try the ordinary kinds of apples 
and pears on the Wisconsin peninsula 
referred to if it has not already been 
done. This may be a new and valuable 
fruit region that has not been tested 
for fruit yet to the extent that it de¬ 
serves. I know of Bartlett pear trees 
in northern Michigan that have endured 
30 degrees below zero, but that is a very 
low temperature for this tree,'and could 
not safely pass more than a very short 
spell of this kind. Winter-killing is 
nearly always caused as C. V. under¬ 
stands it, by severely cold, dry air tak¬ 
ing out the natural moisture beyond the 
limit of the ability of the tree to with¬ 
stand it. Frozen ground adds to the 
trouble, because the roots are not able 
to lay hold of the soil moisture and 
replace that evaporated by the branches. 
Where snow covers the ground early in 
the Winter and it does not freeze, as is 
the case in the region under discussion, 
winter-killing would probably not be 
very common. Above the snow line the 
protection would not be much, but be¬ 
low it there would be almost no danger. 
This whole matter is one that _ needs 
testing out on this Wisconsin peninsula. 
H. E. VAN DEMAN. 
Planting in Crowbar Holes. 
I am thinking of setting some fruit trees 
this Spring, apples, pears, peaches, plums 
tvnd cherries. Would you advise setting 
part or all of them in the crowbar holes? 
How much would you cut, both roots and 
tops? Ought they to be sprayed this year, 
next, or when? How far apart? c. E. 
Marlboro, N. H. 
We would not plant in crowbar boles 
except as an experiment. We planted 800 
peach trees that way as an experiment. 
,Tune-bud trees were used, and the side 
roots all cut off. The tops , were cut back 
to about 15 inches. A hole was punched 
into the ground with a crowbar, and the 
little tree or “cutting” put into this hole. 
Sand and water were poured around the 
tree root and the soil packed down hard. 
1'hese little trees started tap roots straight 
Sown like clover, or like currant cuttings, 
irhov were slow to grow at first, but later 
caught up and made good trees. There are 
two serious drawbacks to this method. 
The lifting power of the frost is such that 
those trees without side roots are lifted 
and in some cases are thrown out of the 
soil like fence posts whioh are not put 
below the frost line. Such trees also whirl 
around with the wind and form large holes 
at the top of the ground. In a cold coun¬ 
try this plan cannot be endorsed. We now 
dig a hole about a foot wide and leave side 
roots three to four inches long, cutting the 
tan roots off square. The soil is packed 
bard around roots, and they serve to anchor 
the tree firmly in the soil. Thus root- 
pruned and with the top cut back to cor¬ 
respond the tree makes a good growth. 
We plant 32 feet apart for permanent trees. 
Spray each year with lime-sulphur. 
Western Blackberries. —I would like 
to supplement the article by W. V. F. on 
page 71, on the subject of blackberries for 
Western Wasliinton. The .Evergreen is 
grown more extensively than the Hima¬ 
laya Giant on account of its better ship¬ 
ping qualities, although the Evergreen is 
known to be a poor quality berry. Both of 
these varieties are late and follow the 
Snyder and Mammoth in season, some¬ 
times with an interval between crops. The 
loganberry and Phenomenal are both 
looked upon with favor by the growers in 
the Western part of the State, the ma¬ 
jority holding the. Phenomenal a little 
higher on account of a little better qual¬ 
ity. Their productivity and shipping qual¬ 
ities are practically the same. 
Washington. w. g. brierley. 
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35-37 Ccrtlandt Street 
New York 
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35-37 Cortlandt St., New York City 
I enclose herewith 10c for which send 
catalogue and “Henderson Specialty 
Collection” as advertised. 
J 
