1911 . 
THIS RURAL NEW-YORKER 
307- 
NUT GROWING IN THE NORTH, 
Part II. 
■The Walnuts. —The name walnut 
has a different meaning in different sec¬ 
tions. It is properly applied to the va¬ 
rious species of the genus Juglans 
which includes the four native species, 
the common black, J. nigra; the butter¬ 
nut, J. cinerea; the Texas walnut, J. 
rupestris; the California walnut, J. 
Californica; and the Persian or English 
walnut, J. regia; also the Japanese and 
Manchurian walnuts. In the northeast¬ 
ern United States the hickorynuts are 
called “walnuts,” which is really a mis¬ 
use of that name, as it is commonly 
applied, the country over. Of all the 
walnuts the European or Persian species, 
J. regia, is by far the best. It has been 
cultivated for years in Europe and is 
native about the Caspian Sea. The 
Romans brought it from there to the 
Mediterranean region and from there 
they took it to England when they tried 
to conquer and colonize that country. 
The early settlers in America brought it 
from across the sea, and trees are now 
standing in many places that were 
grown from nuts planted more than a 
century ago. The most of these old 
trees are standing singly, where there 
are no other walnut trees of any kind to 
cross-pollinate them, and that is often 
very necessary. The flowers of the wal¬ 
nuts are sexually separated and some¬ 
times they do not bloom at the same 
time and the trees are not productive. 
Trees of all kinds naturally grow in 
groves and pollinate each other. In 
California this foreign walnut has been 
a great success and there are thousands 
of orchards of it planted there. '1 he 
same will soon be true of Oregon and 
Washington, but in a more limited way. 
In the Central States the climatic 
changes are so severe and sudden that 
the trees of this species will not suc¬ 
ceed. But east of the Appalachian 
Mountains and to some extent west of 
them the Persian walnut is gradually 
gaining in favor. There are chance seed¬ 
ling trees, for the most part, found here 
and there that have proved to be hardy 
enough and that bear abundantly. Of 
these varieties some of the best have 
been named, brought to public notice, 
and the trees are being propagated and 
sold, but chiefly-as seedlings. Very few 
trees have, as yet, been grown from 
grafts, but there are active efforts in 
this direction, and before long the best 
of the hardy eastern varieties of the 
Persian walnut will be obtainable. The 
stock that is being grown for working 
them on is the wild Black walnut, prin¬ 
cipally. I believe the butternut will be 
as good or better as a stock. So far 
the varieties of the hardy type have been 
found in Maryland, Pennsylvania and 
New York. Rush, Cumberland and 
Pomeroy are some of them. There is 
little doubt that there will be successful 
walnut orchards growing in all these 
States and in all those bordering the 
Atlantic. How far into the interior this 
nut tree may be grown is a question 
that will take time and experience to 
settle. 
There are a few varieties of our na¬ 
tive Black walnut that are worthy of 
being grown for their nuts, but no one 
has yet propagated them by grafting 
and has the tree for sale, so far as I 
know. The same is true of the butter¬ 
nut or “White”walnut. The Japanese 
and Manchurian walnut trees are rea¬ 
sonably hardy in tree, and the growth 
is rapid and the leaves large and healthy. 
The nuts are not large and the shells 
are too thick and hard to crack to make 
them of any special value, although the 
flavor of the kernels is excellent. So 
far their value is for shade and orna¬ 
mental purposes. 
The Chestnuts. —Of our native nut 
trees the chestnut is one of the best. It 
is not naturally distributed so widely 
as the hickories and walnuts, nor is it 
adapted to so great a range of climate 
and soil. But a temperature consider¬ 
ably below zero is safely endured, and 
the tree grows to very large size and 
bears nuts of excellent quality in abund¬ 
ance. The main objections to the profit¬ 
able culture of this tree are the small 
size of the nuts, the abundance of the 
wild crop, and worst of all the wholesale 
infestation of the nuts by worms. There 
are two beetles that lay eggs in the 
nuts while they are yet in the burrs and 
there has not been found any way to 
prevent it nor a very practical method 
of destroying the eggs or larvae in the 
nuts. 
While the flavor of the native chest¬ 
nut is superior to any of the foreign 
kinds, their larger size gives^ them an 
advantage in the markets. The Euro¬ 
pean species is the most popular be¬ 
cause of the combined size and quality 
of the nuts. The trees are not so hardy 
as the native species, but they are thrifty 
and productive. Some of the varieties 
bear too early and too heavily and in¬ 
jure the trees while they are young. The 
Paragon is of this character. It is neces¬ 
sary to clip off the most of the burrs 
for the first few years to save the trees. 
Rochester is another very superior va¬ 
riety. The Japanese chestnuts are even 
more precocious in their bearing and 
the nuts are often larger than those of 
any other species, but their flavor is the 
poorest of all. It is really not worth 
while to grow the Japanese chestnuts. 
But the worst of all the chestnut • 
troubles is a fatal disease that is spread¬ 
ing over the Eastern States. It is a 
fungus disease that affects the bodies of 
the trees, causing them to sicken and 
eventually die. There seems to be no 
way to overcome or even check it and 
the fate of the chestnut forests seems 
certain. The most encouraging outlook 
for the culture of chestnuts is in sec¬ 
tions where there are no wild trees 
growing to furnish breeding ground for 
this disease and no place for the chest¬ 
nut weevils to- live. Until these two 
troubles might come there would be 
little to prevent profitable chestnut cul¬ 
ture. 
The Hazels. —There are three native 
species of the hazel in North America. 
One is on the Pacific coast, but the nuts 
are small, hardy shelled, sparsely borne 
and of no particular value. The other 
two species grow naturally from Minne¬ 
sota southward to Ohio, Indiana and 
Missouri, and they may be grown al¬ 
most anywhere that the soil is rich and 
the climate not very warm. The nuts 
sprout readily and the bushes grow 
with almost no attention. There are 
many varieties, but the differences are 
not very great. However, it would be 
well to select such nut's as are superior 
or the young bushes that bear them 
and plant them where they would have 
good opportunity to grow, for they will 
yield abundantly. The European hazels, 
which are commonly called filberts, are 
quite large in bush, sometimes almost 
like little trees, and the nuts are twice 
the size of our native hazelnuts. Large 
quantities of them are imported from 
Europe every year. There is a disease 
that affects the wood and prevents the 
culture of the filbert in our Eastern 
States, but on the Pacific coast there is 
no such trouble, so far as I know, and 
I have seen many strong and heavily 
laden bushes there. Filbert culture is 
extending in Oregon and Washington, 
and it would pay well in British Co¬ 
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