1911. 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER 
361 
Pumping Questions. 
E. E. II. (No Address ).—I have a well 
30 feet deep that always has from 7.5 to 
8.5 feet of water. I want to put a pump 
over it. How many feet from the surface 
of the water should the cylinder of the 
pump be placed so as to get the full benefit 
of the atmospheric pressure? If the cylin¬ 
der was down at the water the water would 
have to be raised by labor; if the pump 
cylinder was near the top the atmospheric 
pressure would drive the water up to it. 
At what level in the well is it best to 
place the cylinder? 
Ans.— Placing the cylinder of a 
pump high above the water in a well 
gives no mechanical advantage whatever 
in reducing the labor of pumping._ The 
pressure of the air on the water in the 
well becomes effective in lifting the 
water through the suction pipe into the 
cylinder only after the pressure of the 
air on the water in the cylinder has been 
lifted off by raising the piston, so that 
in pumping the pressure of the air on 
the water in the cylinder has to be over¬ 
come, and the force required to do this 
is exactly equal to the lifting power of 
the atmosphere wherever the cylinder is 
placed. It is always best to place the 
cylinder as low in the well as practicable, 
and the pump works the easiest possible, 
especially if the piston is large and rapid 
pumping is desired, when the cylinder is 
in or near the water. If the cylinder is 
placed near the upper limit to which the 
atmosphere can raise the column of 
water, a rapid stroke of the piston may 
move it much faster than the pressure 
of the air can raise the water, and if 
this is the case a vacuum is formed un¬ 
der the piston and more pressure is re¬ 
quired to raise it. 
In the case of the correspondent the 
piston must lift not less than the equiv¬ 
alent of a column of water 25 feet high, 
supposing seven feet of water in the well 
and the spout of the pump two feet 
above the ground. If the piston were 
placed at the highest point possible in 
the well, a rapid stroke might make a 
90 or 95 per cent vacuum under it and 
force enough would have to be exerted 
to lift a column of water not less than 
29 or 30 feet high, while if the cylinder 
were placed low down the maximum lift 
would be a column equal to the distance 
from the water in the well to the dis¬ 
charge in the pump, which, in this case, 
would be not more than 25 feet. It 
should be remembered that atmospheric 
pressure does no lifting until after its 
weight has been lifted off the water, so 
that the full lifting force of the water 
must first be overcome. In practice it is 
usual to place one length of pipe below 
the cylinder, as this saves cutting pipe 
and threading it, and places the cylinder 
near enough the water for most purposes 
where slow pumping only occurs. The 
more rapid the pumping the nearer the 
cylinder should be to the water so as to 
avoid any considerable vacuum under it, 
as this vacuum pressure is added to the 
pressure of the water above the piston. 
F. H. KING. 
Rye or Oats. 
I have a field of six acres where I had 
corn last year and intended to put into 
oats this Spring. It is Highly elevated and 
is a gravel soil. I see in the different seed 
catalogues that Spring rye is greatly ad¬ 
vocated in preference to oats; that rye pro¬ 
duces from 30 to 40 bushels per acre. Hye 
Is worth 85 cents per bushel. I am located 
in the eastern part of Pennsylvania, and 
would like your opinion in the matter. We 
raise from 20 to 30 bushels of oats per 
acre. w. a. m. 
Slatington, Pa. 
We should go slow in substituting Spring 
rye entirely for oats. There is an imported 
German rye, which seeded in Spring, grows 
a fair yield. We doubt if it will outyield 
oats, and our advice is to try it as an ex¬ 
periment only the first year. 
Facts About Virginia, 
What kind of soil lies in Buckingham 
County, Virginia, and what are the chief 
products and markets? I would also like 
to know something about the tidewater 
region from Petersburg south. What mar¬ 
ket for timber? Could a man with small 
capital and a willing mind to work succeed 
In either place? t. c. 
Indiana. 
Buckingham County, Virginia, has the 
usual red clay soils of the Piedmont sec¬ 
tion. Like most of this section the lands 
are apt to wash with shallow plowing 
and absence of sod, but are easily brought 
up to a high state of productiveness by 
good farming. The crops are largely to¬ 
bacco, wheat and corn. The lands from 
Petersburg to Norfolk are generally of a 
level, light and more or less sandy surface. 
It is largely a peanut section, especially in 
Prince George and Isle of Wight counties. 
In Isle of Wright there is a large industry 
in hogs and the making of a high class of 
hams and bacon. The hams of Smithfield 
have a great reputation all over the coun¬ 
try, and sell for higher prices than any 
hams in this country. Timber is not so 
plentiful as it was, but there is always a 
market for good timber or sawed lumber 
In Petersburg and Norfolk. About Peters¬ 
burg and Smithfield lands are high, but be¬ 
tween Smithfield and Suffolk there are 
plenty of cheap lands, where a man of 
energy can soon do well. These lands are 
more easily cultivated and improved than 
the Piedmont soils, and are adapted to the 
purposes of the market gardener, for about 
Norfolk there is the largest gardening area 
in the country. w. f. massey. 
MORE ABOUT MANURE SPREADERS. 
This Spreader Leads. 
I read Albert II. I)e Graff’s article, 
“Both sides of the Manure Spreader." I 
have not much to say iu regard to both 
sides, but am in favor of a spreader. Mr. 
DeGraff speaks of the interest on the 
money invested, and $10 for repairs. I 
would figure that $6 for interest would not 
more than pay for the convenience of hav¬ 
ing it to use when I wanted it without 
having to go a mile or so to get it. Ten 
dollars for repairs is rather high, according 
to my experience of four years’ usage. Re¬ 
pairs, most of which were due to breaking 
through a bridge, have not exceeded $15 
for the whole four years. Manure spread¬ 
ers have their faults as well as men. None 
is perfect. I have one which will carry 
about GO bushels, and is intended to be 
drawn by three horses, but I have a 2,200- 
pound to'aiu that has always drawn it with 
the exception of about three days. Gener¬ 
ally, we draw about 20 loads per day, de¬ 
pending somewhat on the distance and the 
amount per acre. It takes as much driving 
to put on six loads per acre as it does 25, 
but the draft is not quite as heavy. 
We have a cement lloor in our cow barn, 
so that none of the liquid escapes. By 
using plenty of bedding this is absorbed 
and saved. We transfer the manure from 
the stable to a shed near it by means of 
a litter carrier. The straw in the pile, 
after a few days’ dumping, causes manure 
to heat and keeps it from freezing. We 
also have all our horses in box stalls, so 
about once in two weeks, we spend a day 
hauling out the manure. In the Winter we 
much prefer to have three or four inches 
of snow on the ground, as that makes a 
cushion and does not jar the spreader at 
all. Just a word in regard to the care of 
the spreader. It should be kept well oiled 
and clean, as a heavy coating of manure 
dried on it, especially on the bottom, makes 
a good big horse difference, and a great 
deal more strain on the working parts when 
unloading. The best method I have found 
for cleaning spreader is using boiling 
water and a broom. Cold water, or slight¬ 
ly warm, will not penetrate the dried man¬ 
ure. A spreader cared for in this way 
should last a long tim<?. F. H. Y. 
Bindley, N. Y. 
Finds a Spreader Necessary. 
I think if A. II. De Graff’s article was put 
in the balance, he would find his own state¬ 
ment would show the disadvantages want¬ 
ing. His first disadvantage is draft. The 
spreaders weigh about the same as a binder, 
and I think we could discard the binder 
as easily as we could the spreader, but no 
farmer will put from three to five horses 
to the binder. We use two 1,050-pound 
horses to our spreader, and if the field is 
not level we drive to the highest point and 
spread down hill. As to the wheels slip¬ 
ping we use traction mud bands or chain on 
tire, and are able to use the spx-eader at 
any season of the year, save in deep snow. 
We have a large enclosed barnyard with 
clay bottom tight enough to hold water, 
where we keep our milch cows, and store 
the horse manure, keeping it well littered 
and ventilated, and haul the manure to the 
fields twice a year, and we never need to 
haul it out on a sled. As to expense, we 
have had our spreader two years and have 
not had any expense connected with it as 
yet. We hire it out enough to pay interest 
and depreciation. • As to hiring a spreader 
every one knows time is money in farm¬ 
ing, and I would not want to wait on 
my neighbor to get through with his 
spreader. I am not selling manure spread¬ 
ers, nor would I advise a farmer to buy 
one unless he had enough manure to grant 
the need of one. But I have a warm feel¬ 
ing for them. I have one with a continu¬ 
ous apron, two cylinders and a fan, and 
it is almost impossible for a large chunk 
of manure to get through without being 
torn to pieces. harry t. Parker. 
Columbia Co., Pa. 
Nigiitsoil. —S. B., Glasgo, Conn., asks 
about nightsoil. My father in Connecticut 
used large quantities in 1850 and later; he 
obtained it in a city two or three miles 
away, and had to be careful in hauling it. 
He used coal ashes as a base, mixing them 
as conditions required and with paying re¬ 
sults. A little practice will enable S. B. 
or anyone to handle it anywhere. It gives 
better results on sandy loam than on that 
which is stiff or wet. I use it here in 
Virginia in the same way. s. B. 
For 60 
March & April 
Save Nearly 
Read This Boiled Down list 
It will give yoa a faint idea 
o! the values this sale offers 
Bleached Muslin 
15,000 boltsUho lie quality). Per yard,7c 
Percale 
at manufacturer’s prices. 12 *g-cent value 
tor, per yard. 7J4o 
Black Taffeta Silk 
Full yard wide, only.85c 
Gingham 
Solid weave, fine quality. 10 yds. for 49c 
Poplin 
The kind retail stores sell for 25 cents. 
Our sale price, per yard.12>4c 
Dotted Swiss 
Fine quality—price for 00 days only. Per 
yard.I Oc 
Panama Cloth 
36-inch all worsted Panama cloth, only 
per yard. 38c 
Famous Behrens’ Pongee Silk 
10 colors, only per yard.38c 
Venetian Spot Silk 
Exactly the same quality that regularly 
retails at 45 cents a yurd. Our sale price 
only. .23c 
Sheeting 
Unbleached, 68 in. wide, only per yd. I 9c 
Bleached, 70 in. wide. Sale price, per 
yard. 21 c 
Japonica Silk 
In 14 colors at half the regular price. 
Only, per yard.25c 
Striped Poplin 
Eleven colors. Regular 25-cent value. 
Our sale price only, per yard.I 2lie 
Ladies' Handkerchiefs 
Hemstitched extra fino cambric. This is 
a handkerchief that sells everywhere for 
10 cents apiece. Our sale price only, per 
dozen. 37c 
Ladies’ colored border hemstitched hand¬ 
kerchiefs, per dozen only.28c 
Table Linen 
Heavy German Dice Damusk, per yd. 39c 
Heavy Cream All-Linen Damask, per 
yard.48c 
Bleached All-Linen Satin Damask, per 
yard.SI • 15 
Table Cloths 
Hemmed German Table Cloths. Size. 
58x75 inches. Each. Si.19 
Silver Bleached Table Cloths. Size, 58x 
62 inches. Each. SI.15 
Bleached Pure Linen. Size, 70x70 inches. 
Each.SI .69 
Complete Hemstitched 
Damask Set 
Table Cloth and six Napkins. Cloth size 
62x80 inches. Napkins 17x17 inches. 
Price per set.*$2.98 
Pillow Shams 
Hemstitched and open work. Size 30x30 
Inches, Only, per pair.60c 
Piano Scarf 
Beautiful white renaissance Lace. Size 
27x84 inches, only.$2.98 
Towels. 
70,000 pieces of good Bleached Linen 
Crash Toweling. Worth double our price. 
For this sale only, per yard.8c 
Fringed Damask Towels. Unmatchable 
value. 17x38 inches, only.I 5c 
White Hemstitched Huckaback, 20x28 in. 
only. 22c 
Hemmed Pure Linen Huckaback. 20x40 
inches, only.35 c 
Fine Satin Dumask Towel, hemstitched. 
Handsome flowered designs, 21x41 inches, 
only.43c 
Bed Spreads 
Our sale prices range from S I . I 5 for our 
big leader up to 82.39. 
Comforters 
12 carloads of big values bought especially 
for this sale. Prices run from SI . 18 to 
S2.75. 
Sheets and Pillow Cases 
Annual offering of Hemmed Sheets and 
Pillow Cases. Bigbargain. Bestquality 
Bleached Sheets, 72x95 inches.69c 
Pillow Cases..20x32 inches, only.| 7c 
Embroideries 
Imported and domestic. Six pages of big 
bargain values in our March and April 
Sale Book. Get your copy today. 
Ladies’ Neckwear 
Very latest novelties. Direct from the 
maker at little more than the maker’s 
cost. 
Auto Scarfs 
Splendid bargains. One cannot be pur¬ 
chased at retail for less than 81.00. 
Size 26x68 inches. 10 colors. Our sale 
price, only.44c 
Furniture 
21 bargain filled pages from which you 
can furnish your home complete from 
kitebon to attic at a saving of from one- 
fourth to one-half. 
Here are a few of the items, that you 
may the better appreciate their values. 
High grade lieed Chairs and rockers, onlv 
each...S3.59 
High Grade Box Seat 
Dining room chairs. Leather seat and 
back, only each.S3.48 
Furniture for entire room, four pieces in 
Mission. 1 rocker, 2 chairs, 1 table, only 
. S9.99 
Three piece parlor suite upholstered in 
genuine leather. Only.S22.95 
Library Kocker, only.S4.96 
Missiou Hall Clock. Height 5 ft. 8 in., 
only.;.S3.96 
Quartered Oak Sewing Table 
only. S6.93 
Mission Rocker 
only.S1.99 
Brass Bed 
2 inch posts, only.$ 15.97 
Turkish Couch 
imitation leather covered, only... S 8.66 B 
Kitchen Cabinet 
with large cupboard, only.S7.33 
Large Porch Swing 
weathered oak, with chains and hooks 
complete, only.$2.98 
Big House 
Furnishing 
and Women’s 
Wearing 
Apparel Sale 
NOW | 
ON I 
Send for 112 Page Bargain I 
¥ | of You can’t come to our big city stores so we 
Lit dl have prepared for you a book that describes 
■ 1 this big sale in detail. Every article is care¬ 
fully illustrated, fully described and priced so low 
that you will reckon your saving in dollars.©This 
book has been so painstakingly prepared, every 
illustration has been so carefully drawn, every 
statement so closely edited that you could not learn 
more about the goods were you to actually visit our 
stock rooms. Send for this book today. Your copy 
has just come from the press and is here waiting 
your request. Even though you plan to purchase 
only a few articles for your home or wardrobe this 
spring, don’t let this prevent your securing the book. 
You will without # a doubt find listed the very articles 
you want and in* every case you will make a worth 
while saving. 1 
To sum it all up in a single sentence. This is per¬ 
haps the most complete and the largest House 
Furnishing and Women’s wearing apparel sale ever 
attempted. You cannot gain the slightest idea of its 
size or magnitude or of the values offered, however, 
until you see the book. Fill out the coupon and mail it today. 
NOTE—The prices given here are taken from our Chicago 
Book. Our Kansas City House has issued a book contain¬ 
ing a line equally attractive, suited to their territory. 
only. 
Large Refrigerator 
$ 6.80 
| This Coupon Brings this Big 
l City Sale to Your Door. 
I Sign and Mail it Today. 
I 
»g 
Curtains and curtain materioT suited to 
every room in the house at prices that are 
just about half what you would ordinarily 1 
expect to pay. 
Rugs are shown in their actual colors. ■ 
Brices range from S 1 . 65 upward. _ 
3 Big Sewing Machine Bargains 
Clocks . 
Handsome, big values, suited for dining I 
rooms, hall, living room or library. J 
Silverware, China, Kitchen- . 
ware 
You have a wide range of choice in all ■ 
those. Brices are extraordinarily low for 
this sale. 
Stoves and Ranges 
for coal, wood, gas and kerosene. Every 
one a bargain offer. 
Washing Machines J 
and laundry supplies. A full and complete 
lino. 
For Your Wardrobe 
Here you will find 29 pages containing 
every article of wearing apparel that you 
can possibly want or need. Knit under¬ 
wear. Muslin underwear. Stocking, Shoes, 
Wrappers, Dressing Saoques, Kimonas. 
A wide range of dry goods and dress ma¬ 
terials, suits, gowns and millinery. 
MONTGOMERY WARD & CO., Gentlemen: 
Chicago and Kansas City 
Please send me a copy of the Book describing your 
“March and April Sale of House Furnishings and Women’s 
Wearing Apparel.” 
so 
NAME 
T0WN_ 
COUNTY _ 
R. F. D. NO ._ 
-STATE- 
Four New Catalogues just oil the Press 
Check with an (X) the Book you want. 
□ Paint 
gives actual samples 
! |—I Wall Paper 
1—h 
gives actual samples 
| Baby Carriages [] Bicycles. Motorcycles 
Cut out the Coupon and send it to our nearest house, Chicago or Kansas City 
MONTGOMERY WARD & CO. Chicago Avenue Bridge, CHICAGO 
Chicago and Kansas City 
ISO 
19th & Campbell Sts., KANSAS CITY 
