'fHE RURAL NEW-YORKER 
40 a 
1911. 
QUESTIONS ABOUT TILE DRAINAGE. 
J. K., Elma Center, N. Y .—I intend to do 
extensive tiling next Spring. My farm lies 
on a slight elevation from north to south, 
with a few depressions running from south¬ 
east to northwest. My soil is a black 
gravelly loam, from eight to 12 inches 
deep, with a very hard clay for subsoil. I 
intend to use three-inch tile with four-inch 
mains. How far would you advise to lay 
the rows of tile? Would you advise run¬ 
ning them north and south or east and 
west? Almost all the water has to empty 
out on the northwest corner to prevent the 
water from emptying on my neighbor's land. 
Would the three-inch tile be sufficient for 
the upper main? I intend to put two-inch 
tile in a grape patch, one row of tile be¬ 
tween two rows of grapes. Will that be 
advisable, using concrete tile? 
Ans. —It is desirable to place the 
mains in the depressions and run their 
laterals parallel with the steepest slope 
of the land. This economizes grade and 
also places the drains where they will 
draw an equal distance from each side. 
Three-inch tile are all right for laterals 
that have a grade of not less than .40 
of a foot to the 100. There are a few 
factors to be considered in determining 
the size of the main drains for which 
the inquirer gives no data, chief of 
which in this case is the area of land 
to be drained and the available fall. 
The effect of the grade on the capacity 
of a drain may be seen when we learn 
that a five-inch main laid to a grade 
of three inches in 100 feet will remove 
the drainage water from only 25 acres of 
land, whereas the same main if given a 
grade of six inches to the 100 feet will 
carry the drainage water from 32 acres. 
These facts and figures may help the 
inquirer to fit the tile to the area to 
be drained. It is a matter of the great¬ 
est economy to make a survey of a 
project before making estimates for tile 
or digging any ditches; leveling is inex¬ 
pensive as compared with moving earth 
and stone. If the soil below eight 
inches or a foot is an impervious clay, 
the drains should be about 35 feet apart. 
In regard to the vineyard, unless the 
rows of grapes are an unusual dis¬ 
tance apart it will be unnecessary to 
have a drain between each two rows, as 
two rods is considered about the mini¬ 
mum distance at which it is ever neces¬ 
sary to place drains for ordinary farm 
crops, and we of the “Chautauqua belt - ’ 
find the Concord grape doing well on 
land that would require better drainage 
for some of our other crops. I think 
three inches small enough to be adopted 
as the minimum size for tile drains. 
j. f. v. s. 
A “ LIVING ” ON A FARM. 
The letter from “Veritas” ou page 307 
shows very clearly the difficulties iu the 
way of the city man who would farm. I 
could tell a longer, sadder story than 
his in some respects, for I was younger and 
put into my farm more years of unintelli¬ 
gent effort and more capital. But I won't, 
for It is too bad to discourage anyone 
who desires the independence and happiness 
we have found on the farm. If the city 
man will take his .$2,000 only a little 
way out of the town, just a few miles from 
the railroad, he can make it go much 
farther. Every cent the prospective farmer 
thinks his accessibility gains for him on 
produce is likely to be balanced by larger 
prices for the things he must buy. We 
can got so much more in our hill country 
for $2,000 than he did—a hundred acres 
and passable buildings thrown in, a cow 
and horses, and still have enough to buy 
some food for a few years—and the land 
here grows clover, without liming, for hu¬ 
mus and nitrogen in the soil, the woods 
furnish fuel and lumber, and the climate 
will produce almost all that men and 
animals need to eat. Any land at $10 an 
acre will produce good fodder for cow and 
horses the first season plowed. Even drier, 
sandier soils near the big New England 
towns ought to produce the feed for ani¬ 
mals in iess than five years. 
But iu handling soil the city man is 
inclined to make mistakes. Growing crops 
from any soil requires knowledge that 
cannot be gained from reading alone. The 
problems of the small farmer have been 
studied more in the years we have been 
farming than ever before, and the city 
man to-day has only to ask questions of 
The It. N.-Y., the State experiment station 
or the United States Department of Agri¬ 
culture to receive help that would have 
saved us and “Veritas” much hard sled¬ 
ding. Only the other day I saw a helpful 
letter from a United States expert to a 
man who wants a farm in our neighborhood, 
and I exclaimed, “Do you realize what it 
means to be told those things? If we 
had had such a letter as that in any of 
our first five years, we might have been 
spared a lot of trouble!” So we tell the 
city folks who want to farm to ask ques¬ 
tions and follow the advice of exports—not 
rule-of-thumb farmers—and any soil in New 
York or New England will provide a living 
in less than five years. 
When I say “a living” I mean the where¬ 
withal to keep bodies and souls in good 
condition. I do not mean money with 
which to buy the hundred and one things 
city folks think they must have. I be¬ 
lieve that a man beginning' to farm must 
start on a small scale, trying at first to 
grow only such things as the people and 
animals on the place can eat. A small 
garden and a little fodder for the cow 
might be all the first year, or until the 
land is brought up into a condition to grow 
crops. But for a man unused to farming to 
try to grow for market produce or stock 
is to undertake a new business. To suc¬ 
ceed takes knowledge or capital or great 
strength, or all of these. I found that by 
wearing clothes until they were gone, no 
hardship in a country community, and by 
raising every kind of- food that Will grow 
here, I can cut down expenditures to such 
a small figure that I do not have to risk 
revenue or energy to raise a big cash crop. 
While learning to grow our own food, we 
have learned to cultivate our land, and 
by following the advice of those who know, 
we are making that land much more pro¬ 
ductive than we thought possible in our 
earlier years. When we are asked if others 
can go on to a New England farm and live 
as happy and free as we, my answer must 
always be, "You can, but will you?” It all 
depends upon the man and woman. If they 
are young they can do anything, but if 
they are older we would say, with “Veri¬ 
tas,” a small annuity is a safeguard if not 
a necessity. Yet, if a man is older he has 
learned enough of men and of books to 
lie satisfied with a more isolated life on 
better land. So I tell our would-be farmer 
friends to put away a portion of their cap¬ 
ital to use for food bills until the farm 
Is producing something, and take the re¬ 
mainder far enough from the high-priced 
land to buy a home, and the small farm 
will surely yield a “living” in a short time. 
Orange County, Vt. back-to-tiie-land. 
Trouble with Raspberries. 
1. Why do strong new shoots of the 
Gregg raspberry, after growing from one to 
three feet, turn black at the tip, gradually 
extending down to the ground when the 
shoot withers and dies? 2. What will ex¬ 
terminate a pest of slugs, also small round 
worms which eat into roots, carrots, tur¬ 
nips, etc.? A. A. A. 
Greenfield, Mass. 
1. The Gregg raspberry has long been a 
popular and well-known variety, and was 
long considered the best black raspberry to 
plant for a market berry, but has been 
dropped from the list of market varieties 
by most growers because it was subject to 
attacks of the anthracnose and blight of 
the young canes. The complaint of A. A. A. 
is a common one about the Gregg. When 
growing in a s.rong rich soil or where too 
much nitrogen has been used, then the 
canes make a strong rapid growth which is 
subject to blight, which acts much like 
twig blight on the young growth of apples, 
only the color is darker on the raspberry 
canes, it being black, and gradually works 
downward, sometimes killing the canes to 
the ground. On thin or poor soil with less 
nitrogen and more potash and phosphoric 
acid, this blight is not so prevalent, but 
the Gregg is not a profitable variety to 
grow on poor soils. The Cumberland is 
a large berry, and gives general satisfac¬ 
tion where the Gregg does not. Avoid 
nitrogenous manures—use phosphoric acid 
and potash, getting the phosphorus from 
the acid rock, and cultivate just enough 
to bring out the fruit crop the coming 
year, if you want to keep your Gregg, and 
with less growth the blight will decrease. 
2. If by slugs is meant the soft slug-like 
rose or pear slug, then very dry dust, air- 
slaked lime or tobacco dust thrown on them 
by hand or blown through a bellows—any 
way to come directly in contact with them 
—will kill such leaf-eating slugs. They are 
as a rule on the under part of the leaves- 
and care must be taken to get the dust 
application to come in contact with and if 
possible cover them. It may be possible 
that wireworms eat the carrots and tur¬ 
nips. as A. A. A. describes them as being 
a small round worm and if so there is no 
cure for them, except plowing the ground 
late in the Fall or early Winter, but I 
have never found much benefit from such 
treatment, or any other, for the wire- 
worm. Insect pests that work under the 
ground are hard to control, and nature 
seems to have dealt with them as with 
other things, by abating or destroying 
them after they have run a certain course. 
A clean cultivation is the best preventive. 
E. S. BLACK. 
When you write advertisers mention Tiie 
I t. N.-Y. and you'll get a quick reply and a 
“square deal.” See guarantee editorial page. 
A GOOD 
FOUNDATION 
Is as necessary in a coat as in a build¬ 
ing. No matter how well your coat 
fits when new, it will soon wrinkle and * 
sag unless the inner construction is 
right. 
_ The illustration shows the founda¬ 
tion on which Woodhull, Goodale & 
Bull Coats are made. It is guaranteed 
to give them PERFECT and PERMA¬ 
NENT FIT. There are a lot of other 
reasons why our clothes fit and wear 
well. Better investigate before you 
buy your next suit or overcoat. 
Send for our FREE Style Book. 
Manufacturers of all 
kinds of fruit baskets 
and crates. Write for 
Catalogue and Price 
List. 
WEBSTER BASKET COMPANY, 
Box 431. Webster. Monroe Co.. N. Y. 
Tires 10 % Oversize 
25% More Mileage—No Extra Cost 
If you buy tires for an automobile, let us explain how to cut the 
cost half—as tens of thousands are doing. 
The tires which we tell of—Good¬ 
year No-Rim-Cut tires—are now the 
sensation of motordom. 
Last year our tire sales trebled— 
jumped to $8,500,000 — because we 
controlled these tires. 
This year 64 leading motor car 
makers have contracted for them. 
They outsell our clincher tires six 
to one. 
And these are the reasons: 
No Overloading 
About 25 per cent of the average 
tire cost is due to overloading. 
The tire size is adapted to the car 
when stripped. But when you add 
extras—-top, glass front, gas tank, 
extra tire, etc.—the tires have too 
much weight. And you overload 
them otherwise frequently. 
The result is a blowout. 
Goodyear No-Rim-Cut tires, to 
take care of these extras, are made 
10 per cent oversize. The rim flanges 
flare outward when you use this tire, 
so this extra size is possible. 
Wo supply this extra size at no 
extra cost. That means 10 per cent 
more air, and air carries the load. It 
means 10 per cent greater 
carrying capacity. It means, 
with the average car, 25 per 
cent additional mileage per 
tire. 
You get the same result as 
though you paid for a 10 per 
cent larger tire. 
No Rim-Cutting 
Then these patented tires 
end the damage of rim-cutting. 
Other tires are ruined when you run 
them flat. Rim-cutting, on the average, 
adds one-fourth to one's tire bills. 
Note the picture below. 
The No-Rim-Cut Tire 
This tire is fitted on a Universal rim— 
the standard rim now adopted by nearly 
r.ll motor car makers. But tlio tire fits 
any rim. 
The removable rim flanges are simply 
set to turn outward, instead of inward, 
as with the old-type tires. 
The tire, when deflated, comes against 
a rounded edge. You can see why rim- 
cutting never occurs. 
Ordinary Clincher Tire 
With ordinary tires these removable 
rim flanges are set to curve inward, to 
grasp hold of the hooks in the tire. 
That’s how the tire is held on. 
Note how those thin edges dig into 
the tire. That is what ruins a tire- 
in a moment—when puncture makes 
it flat. 
How We Avoid It 
In the base of our tire we vulcanize 
126 braided wires. That makes the 
tire base unstretchable. It can’t be 
stretched over the rim flange—can’t 
be forced off—until you remove the 
flange. 
When this tire is inflated the 
braided wires contract. The tire is 
then held to the rim bya pressure of 
134 pounds to the inch. 
That’s why the hooks are unnecessary. 
That’s why the rim flanges don't need to 
dig into the tire. 
This feature Is controlled by our pat¬ 
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this sort. 
Tire Book Free 
Goodyear 
We have sold enough of these 
tires to equip over 100,000 cars. 
The demand has become over¬ 
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They are told and pictured in 
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Write us a postal for it. :i 
You will insist on tires which 
cut upkeep cost half when you 
know the facts ahout them. 
THE GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER COMPANY, 59th Street, Akron, Ohio 
Branches and Agencies in All the Principal Cities We Make All Sorts of Rubber Tires 
(300) 
