1911. 
THE R UR.-A. I* NEW-YORKBS 
567 
Ruralisms 
CORN. 
What is the difference between “flint,” 
“dent,” “sweet,” or “pop” corn? 
Maize or Indian corn, known botani- 
cally as Zea Mays, is one of the most 
variable of all cultivated plants. Though 
not known in the wild state, the natural 
habitat is supposed to be Southern 
Mexico, from whence it has spread 
through ages of cultivation to all tem¬ 
perate and tropical countries of the earth. 
In the Western Continent it is by far 
the most important of all grains, and its 
culture is steadily gaining throughout the 
Old World and Australasia, wherever 
conditions are at all adapted for its 
growth. The number of varieties is in¬ 
finite, having been developed for a great 
range of local conditions, but those of 
interest to American growers fall natur¬ 
ally in the following classes: 
1. Feint Corns —Zea Mays var. indura- 
ta.—Generally quick growing; adapted to 
culture near the Northern limits of the 
genus; kernels with a hard or horny 
endosperm, almost entirely enveloping 
the central starchy portion. Does not 
shrink or dent on drying. Colors of ker¬ 
nel white, yellow and red, blue or varie¬ 
gated. Somewhat dwarf in habit. 
2. Dent Corns —Z. Mays. var. inden- 
tata.—Generally strong-growing varieties 
requiring greater warmth and a longer 
season than the flints. Corneous or 
horny portion of the endosperm extends 
along the sides of the grains, while the 
starchy portion fills the center and ex¬ 
tends to the summit. In drying this 
floury portion shrinks more than the 
horny parts, causing a dent at the sum-, 
mit. Color of kernels chiefly white or 
yellow but red and blue varieties exist. 
3. Soft Corns —Z. Mays. var. amyla- 
acea.—Kernals without horny endosperm 
shrinking quite uniformly all over. 
Mostly very light in color. Need a long, 
warm season and in general are only 
adapted for Southern culture. Indian 
corns and varieties largely cultivated in 
Mexico and South America are of this 
type, which is of little importance in the 
North. Brazilian flour corn is a fa¬ 
miliar example. 
4. Sweet Sugar Corn —Z. Mays var. 
saccharata.—Kernels almost wholly of 
dense translucent horny endosperm, 
containing some sugar and shrinking 
irregularly on drying. Sweet corn grains 
present a characteristic crinkled or 
shrivelled appearance when cured. Our 
well-known sugar corns for culinary 
use in the green or immature state are 
of this class. 
5. Pop Corn —Z. Mays var. everta.— 
Mostly dwarf-growing small-kerneled 
varieties, having an excessive amount 
of horny endosperm enclosing the softer 
starchy portion inside. When strongly 
heated they pop, producing a complete 
eversion or turning inside out, caused 
by the explosion of the contained mois¬ 
ture. “Endosperm” almost literally 
means “inside of a seed” and is merely 
a handy term for the nourishing ma¬ 
terial stored up for the use of the germ 
when it begins to grow—the “albumen” 
of the older botanical writers. In the 
maize kernel this consists of starch and 
oil—the carbohydrates—and the proteids 
or nitrogenous materials together with 
some crude fibre and extractive mat¬ 
ters. The carbohydrates greatly pre¬ 
dominate, the average of many analyses 
being 72.50 per cent for dent corns and 
72.20 for flint varieties. The album¬ 
inoids or proteids average 9.65 for dent 
and 10.25 in the flint kinds. Both con¬ 
tain about 11 per cent of moisture at 
average temperatures. Analyses of soft, 
sweet and pop corns vary very slightly 
from the above. Indeed maize of all 
cereals is the least variable in chemi¬ 
cal composition, notwithstanding the 
wide divergence in appearance of ker¬ 
nels of different strains and varieties. 
This uniformity of composition is re¬ 
markable when the exceedingly diverse 
conditions of climate and culture it ex¬ 
periences in different localities is taken 
into account. As a rule the dent va¬ 
rieties are considered more easily mas¬ 
ticated and therefore more digestible 
than the harder flint kinds, but there 
the advantage ends. v. 
[Shrubs Propagated From Cuttings. 
A. U. Ballston Spa, N. Y. —1. Can 
Spiraea (bridal wreath), Hydrangeas, etc., 
be grown from cuttings the same as cur¬ 
rants? 2. Can currant slips be taken from 
the bushes and started in the Spring as 
well as in the Fall? 
Ans. 1. The bridal wreath, Spiraea 
prunifolia, can be grown very easily from 
layers put down in the Spring. It is 
also grown from green cuttings, made 
in Summer, and handled in frames or 
under a bell glass. The hardy Hydran¬ 
geas can be propagated from green cut¬ 
tings taken in June and grown under 
grass. This also can be propagated by 
layers of ripened wood, but the cuttings 
are the more certain. 
2. Currant cuttings can be taken in 
Spring, while entirely dormant, and 
planted directly in the ground, setting 
them quite deep, but it is generally con¬ 
sidered that results are better when the 
cuttings are taken in the Fall. 
Treatment of Calla. 
H. B. C., Somers, Conn. —Will you give 
me information in regard to the calla? 
What treatment should they receive? Do 
they like lots of water, and also should the 
bulbs be set away in a dark place to start 
them? How should the calla be treated 
during the Summer? What kind of ferti¬ 
lizer do they do best on? 
Ans. —The calla lily, or arum lily, as 
it is generally called abroad, Richardia 
Africana, requires a season of complete 
rest during the Summer. The plants 
will grow through the entire year if per¬ 
mitted, making rank growth and few or 
no flowers, but this is very undesirable. 
In Spring, after flowering is over, 
gradually withhold water until the leaves 
begin to turn yellow; then lay the pots 
on their side in some sheltered but not 
necessarily dark place, and leave them 
there until September. There is often a 
place under a porch where the pots may 
be laid undisturbed. The leaves die 
down entirely. In September shake the 
roots out of the dry soil, repot in rich 
loam, with plenty of root room, and set 
in a light place—if the weather is warm 
they may stay on the porch for a time, 
but if the temperature falls below 55° 
at night they are better indoors. Water 
carefully at first until they begin to 
make growth; when they are growing 
actively they will enjoy liquid fertilizer, 
being gross feeders. Either cow or 
horse manure may be used for fertilizer. 
They must never be allowed to dry out, 
while in active growth, swamps being 
their native home; they are not really 
lilies, but aroids, like our wild jack-in- 
the-pulpit. Under this system we have 
found them very desirable house plants; 
their necessities are Summer rest, 
abundant food, water and root room, 
light and warmth. 
Black Spot and Mildew on Roses. 
A. B. C., Summit Bridc/c, Del. —1. Will 
you toll me what I can use on rose bushes 
to cure or to prevent the “dark spot?” If 
you can give a preventive will you state 
how often it should bo used and whether it 
injures the buds or (lowers if used when 
plants are about to bloom? 2. Is sulphur 
the best known preventive of mildew, and 
how often should it be used? 
Ans. —1. Some roses are naturally sub¬ 
ject to black spot and mildew as the 
result of constitutional weakness or sus¬ 
ceptibility. American Beauty (Mme. 
Ferdinand Jamin) is greatly troubled 
in this way, and we have given it up as 
a garden rose in our locality as a result, 
though we have seen it doing well in 
other places. Pick off and burn any 
affected leaves, and do not let any dead 
leaves lie on the ground. Spray with 
Bordeaux mixture or ammoniacal car¬ 
bonate of copper before the leaves un¬ 
fold. The copper carbonate solution is 
made by dissolving one ounce of copper 
carbonate in ammonia, one pint to one 
quart, according to amount needed for 
dissolving it. Dilute this quantity with 
nine gallons of water when wanted. The 
concentrate may be kept until needed in 
tightly-corked bottles. Do not use this 
when plants are in full growth. 
2. Mildew usually results from sudden 
changes in temperature or from pro¬ 
longed damp and cloudy weather, but 
some roses are extremely subject to at¬ 
tack, and we would prefer not to plant 
them, as the disease spreads from them 
to others. The lovely Baroness Roths¬ 
child mildews very badly with us; so 
does the old La France, and some years 
Kaiserin Augusta Victoria is greatly dis¬ 
figured by it. The best remedy is 
powdered sulphur dusted on while the 
foliage is wet with dew, so it will stick; 
renew the treatment when the sulphur 
disappears if the disease is still apparent. 
Lay Your Own Roofing 
B UT lay the roofing that will 
save you not only in cost of 
laying but also in cost of repairs. 
A Ready Roofing made by the 
originators of the ready roofing 
idea. 
Paroid Roofing 
is in use from one end of the 
country to the other. It with¬ 
stands all climates and gives long 
lasting service. A safeguard 
against fire, a sure way to avoid 
repair bills. 
There are different NEponseT Roofings 
for different types of buildings. NEpdnseT 
Paroid Roofing is particularly adapted to 
barns, stables, poultry buildings, etc. 
NEponseT Proslate Roofing makes an 
attractive roofing for your residence—a 
protection against fire. 
Write for Book of Plans of Farm 
and Poultry Buildings 
F. W. BIRD & SON, Est. 2795 
Originators of Complete Ready Roofings 
and Waterproof building Papers 
131 Neponset Street East Walpole, Mate, 
New York Chicago Washington Portland, Ore. San Francisco 
Canadian Mills and OfficeB : 
Hamilton, Ont., Winnipeg, Montreal, St. John 
BETTER SAFE THAN SORRY 
Potatoes, tomatoes, encumbers, cantaloupe, 
small fruits, orchards, caD be sprayed, at 
slight; comparative cost for protection against 
blight, bugs, scale, etc., with an “IKON AGE’’ 
8FRAYEB. Also, actually increases the 
yield. The machine is adjustable to various 
width rows — solution thoroughly mixed— 
delivered in a fine spray that covers the plant 
—single or double acting pumps—three, four, six or seven 
rows—one or two horses—55 or 100 gallon steel or wood 
tanks. Has orchard attachment and many others. 
mum Farm and. Garden Tools 
ore practical, effective, economical 
They givo permanent satisfac¬ 
tion. We have been making . - 
the dependable kind for 75 ,• 'jV, 
years. Formulas for /.'A-V 
solutions furnished on ^ 
application. Write for »$SpV 
our'free Anniversary 'E'’’:/ 
Catalog showing pota- 
to machinery, horso hoes, cultivators andcompleto line T" 
of garden drills, wheel hoes, orchard tools, etc. 
BATEMAN M’F’G CO. Box 1029 Grenloch, N. J. I 
Low-Down Steel Wheel Wagons 
Are fast replacing the high farm wagons for 
general farm work. The reason is plain. The 
Low-Down wagon makes easier work for the 
man and no harder for the team. One man 
can do most of his farm work alone with the 
Low-Down wagon. Get our free catalogue. 
HAVANA METAL WHEEL CO.. BOX 17 HAVANA, ILL. 
YOUNG MEN WANTED to learn 
VETERINARY profession. Catalogue 
free. Grand Rapids Veterinary 
College, Dep.15, Grand Rapids, Mich. 
POTATO 
.SPRAYERS 
233 BusheSs 
more per acre by 
Spraying 
That is what_ 
New York Exper. 
iment Stati 
reports as a 
year average^ 
Gain by Spray r • 
ing potatoes. 
Don’t let 
blight, scab, 
rot, and 
bugs CUt -- 
your cron In half— but get a HURST Sprayer and 
make all the Money you are really entitled to for 
your work ont of your Potatoes or fruit. Spray 
first, then if youbny, Pay Us out of the "Extra Pro- 
fit.” These sprayers Spray Anything, potatoes, 
orchards, vineyards, truck (4 to 6 rows at a time). 
“Man-power and horse-power.” Powerful pres¬ 
sure. Easy on man and horse. Strong and 
durable. Brass valyes, plunger, strainer, eto. 
Guaranteed for 5 Years. 
Shipped on Free Trial 
without a cent in advance. No bank deposit. 
no strings” to our trial offer. Wholesale prices. 
We pay Freight. 
W rite ns a letter or card 
and tell us which mach¬ 
ine you are interested 
in, and you’ll get free our 
valuable Spraying Guide 
—Catalog—and out-spec¬ 
ial Iree Offer to first in 
each locality this season 
Be llrst to write ns. 
H. L. HURST MFG. CO. 
28< NORTH IT.. CANTON, OHIO 
JUG- 
t in 
ion. n 
«... 
IHIO E 
S PR A Y LUlU/l ** ,e N.Y .State Fruit Growers’ Ass’n 
ari lHI IX WILD PAY Y OU TO USE EITHER. 
FOR ALL LEAF EATING INSECTS 
RESPONSIBLE DISTRIBUTERS *hoAGENTS WANTED 
KEY BRAND 
RIGHT PRICE and MATERIAL 
FUNGICIDE andINSECTICIDE 
- —> IISF , 
INTERSTATE CHEMICAL CO. 
lCBAYVIEW AVE..JERSEY CITY, N.J. 
WRITE FOR PRICES,CIRCULARS ETC. CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED! 
SPRAY 
fruits and . 
FIELD CROPS ' 
and do whitewashing in most effectual, economical, 
rapid waj. Batiifaotion guaranteed. BROWN’S 
; power* 1 * Auto-Sprays 
1 No. 1, shown here. Is fitted with Auto-1*op Nratlo— 
I WOt .V" ordinary sprmyers. Endora.d by El- 
I perlment Stations and 300,000 othors. 40 stylos and 
t f„? 8 °‘ h * nd »" d P«»« sprayers—also prices 
1 “ valuable spraying guide in our Frso Book. 
Writ© postal now. 
THE E. C. BROWN COMPANY 
- 2 8 Jay at, Kochoster, N. X. 
Save Money on 
Berry Boxes and 
Baskets 
Fruit and Vege¬ 
table Packages 
and Growers’ Supplies of all kinds. 
NVrite for free money-saving catalogue 
and price-list. 
Largest Faetory|of its Kind in the Country. 
UEW ALBANY BOX AND BASKET CO.,Box 111. New Albany,Ind. 
cost of buildings and recent improvements. Loca- 
Dun: Chester County, Penna.; convenient to Phila¬ 
delphia. Situation ideal. No further expenditure 
b 0 . 0 !.?,'*;,,,!. 01 ' tl, ll particulars address: JOHN P. 
SAUirER, Manager, Chester Springs, Penna. 
44 Bushels to the Acre 
is a henvy yield, but that’s what John Kennedy of 
H . / i TYT r \ n t /“\ W A 1 L n n f 1.. —— —. . T — .. i. C _ _ 
f irovince showed other excol- 
ont results—such as 4,000 bush¬ 
els of wheat from 120 acres, or 
33M bushels per acre. 26, 30 and 
40 bushel yields were numerous. 
As high as 132 bushels of oats to 
the acre were threshed Irom 
Alberta fields. 
THE SILVER CUP 
at tho recent Spokane Fair was 
awarded to the Alberta Government 
for its exhibit of grains, grasses and vege¬ 
tables, Reports of excellent yields for 1910 
come also from Saskatchewan and Manitoba 
in Western Canada. 
Free Homesteads of 160 acres, 
and adjoining pre-emptions of 160 
acres (at$3 per acre),are to be had 
In the choicest districts. 
Schools convenient, climate ex¬ 
cellent, soil of tho very best, rall- 
wayscloseathand.bulldlnglumber 
cheap, fuel easy to get and reason¬ 
able In price, water easily procured, 
mixed farming a success. 
Writ© as to host place for settlement, set¬ 
tlers’low railway rates, pamphlet ‘‘Last Best 
West” and other information, to Snpt. of Im- 
mig., Ottawa, Can., ortoCan. Gov’tAgt. (54) 
Supt. of Immigration, Ottawa, Canada, or 
Canadian Government Agent, 30 Syracuso 
Savings Bank Bldg., Syracuso, N. Y. 
Look at the II. P. 
Spramotor spraying an acre 
of potatoes in fifteen min¬ 
utes. There are three noz¬ 
zles to a row and four rows, 
two spraying from the sides 
and one from the top. Ad¬ 
justable as to height and 
width up to 40-inch rows. 
Absolutely non-clogging noz¬ 
zles. 12-gallon air tank, au¬ 
tomatic and hand controlled. 
125 lbs. pressure guaranteed 
with 12 nozzles open. Has 
agitator clean-out pressure 
relief into tank, and nozzle 
protector, all under control 
of driver from seat. For one 
or two horses. Fitted for 
orchards, vineyards and 
grain. Write for booklet. 
E. H. HEARD. 1325 ERIE STREET BUFFALO, N. Y. 
