1911. 
746 
FEEDING YOUNG CALVES. 
I have five early Winter calves, and have 
weaned them and turned them to pasture. 
I would like to grain them all Summer, 
and I do not. know just what to give them 
for best results How would 100 pounds 
calf meal, 300 pounds oil meal, and about 
500 pounds white middlings mixed alj 
together, be to feed dry night and morning? 
Fonda, N. Y. p. y. b. 
If P. Y. B. has plenty of grass for 
those calves it is not likely that they 
will eat grain feed with any regularity. 
However if the area of pasture is small 
and the grass short these calves may 
readily eat grain ration and some clover 
hay also. If corn can be had at a fair 
price I should prefer cornmeal instead of 
the middlings, using cornmeal and oil 
meal, the proportion of oil meal being 
10 to 15 per cent, according to kind and 
amount of pasture or roughage used. 
The feeds mentioned by P. Y. B. are, 
in the quantities named, richer than 
necessary in protein and if these calves 
are made into baby beef it would be well 
to add more fat-producing feeds. Such 
calves can eat three or four pounds per 
day of the grain ration, and this may be 
gradually increased towards Fall, when 
they may be put upon a finishing ration 
of corn and oil meal, clover or Alfalfa 
hay and corn stover. The question of 
profit and loss and the individual appe¬ 
tites of these calves must determine 
their feeding and handling. 
Ohio. w. e. duckwaix. 
RAISING EARLY LAMBS. 
I have a small flock of grade Shrop¬ 
shire ewes with which the ram was not 
turned last Fall. I would like to raise 
early lambs, and so put in the buck the 
first of this month, but have seen no 
signs of their mating. w. m. t. 
Monroe Co., N. Y. 
This is a hard question, and I can 
give only suggestions, with little hope 
of success. I have tried all sorts of de¬ 
vices to get ewes to breed during warm 
weather, but with small results. That 
is one reason why Spring lambs are 
scarce. The Dorset and Tunis havo 
been bred to mate in warm weather, 
but there are always a large number of 
ewes in both breeds in every flock I 
ever saw which did not drop their lambs 
until midwinter. I have found it very 
difficult to get Shropshire lambs before 
the last of January. Such lambs will 
usually go to market in April and sell 
for $5 to $7 each. I suggest that you 
keep the ram up during the day; feed 
him plenty of nice grass and all the 
oats he will eat up clean. Turn him 
with the ewes only at night. I suggest 
that you feed the ewes a moderate ra¬ 
tion of corn and oats for a couple of 
weeks, say a gill each daily. You should 
get a small number to lamb during late 
December, but I prophesy that the most 
of your flock will not breed until cool 
weather comes. I hope it may be other¬ 
wise. E. VAN ALSTYNE. 
The Henyard. 
Whence Came the Black One ? 
A very peculiar circumstance came to 
light in my business yesterday, or at least 
happened in It, but which needs a scientific 
explanation. I had an incubator full of 
White Leghorn eggs hatching, and imagine 
my surprise when I looked in and saw an 
all-black chick, and again when removing 
them from the machine found another black 
one. There have been no colored fowls on 
this place in four years, and all the hens 
that I am hatching from were raised here. 
No fowls can get on the place from the 
neighbors. • I would like the opinion of 
others on this. mrs. mary f. dougan. 
New Jersey. 
I have bred White Leghorns for a num¬ 
ber of years, and have several times found 
a chick with a few black or yellow feath¬ 
ers, but never one that was all or half 
black. I consider this a freak of nature, 
such as sometimes happens in the breeding 
of animals or plants. 
New York. c. H. Zimmer. 
While it is difficult to explain the theory 
to account for black chickens coming from 
white fowls that are known to be purebred, 
it is, nevertheless, a common occurrence. 
Black and white coloration are very closely 
associated, white chickens frequently appear¬ 
ing among the black varieties and black 
chickens appearing among the white varie¬ 
ties, showing that in the development of 
the embryo the cells sometimes show a pre¬ 
dominance or an absence of the color char¬ 
acteristic. If very many chickens should show 
false color one would naturally suspect im¬ 
purity of the blood, and that it was evidence 
of a well-known principle in breeding, called 
reversion or atavism, which is a tracing back 
several generations where the coloration 
originally existed. james e. rice. 
Cornell Agricultural College. 
Radically off-colored plumage on individual 
birds in a line that has been bred pure for 
many years can and in rare instances does 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER 
occur. The appearance of a black chick, 
however, among White Leghorns, is so very 
unlikely that where there is a remote pos¬ 
sibility of anv substitution of other eggs I 
should look that way for the explanation. 
A' hen will sometimes go under cover a long 
way to a place considered out of her reach 
to lay. It seems also that these white 
fowls have been kept separate for only four 
years, so it might easily happen, if hens 
two years old or older are bred, that a 
chick' would be only two generations away 
from a possible black parent, for it is the 
rule that nearly all of the feathers on White 
Leghorn crosses are white. White birds 
used for breeding might not be pure. There 
is at least one instance of colored individ¬ 
uals appearing in a pure line of closely bred 
White Leghorns where only white birds had 
been mated for many years. This was a 
case only of markings of yellowish or buff, 
a color much more likely to find expression. 
H. P. WIIEELER. 
Geneva (N. Y.) Exp. Station. 
FEEDING MEAT TO POULTRY. 
Does it pay to feed meat to laying hens? 
Is such meat feeding necessary or can poul¬ 
try do as well on clover or other vegetable 
food? 
We have found that in feeding Whit© 
Wyandottes we get best egg yields by feed¬ 
ing fresh green cut bone together with 
grain such as oats and wheat. We have 
also fed milk besides the green bone and 
grain with very satisfactory results. We 
do not feed meat in any form in the Spring 
and Summer months as our hens have a 
large range in yards and they get insects, 
which we find answers well in place of the 
bone fed through the Winter. 
New York. b. f. kean & sons. 
As to feeding meat to hens to get the best 
results in egg yield, there is one condition 
which cannot be overlooked, and that is, 
are the birds kept on free range giving them 
an abundance of animal food from the bugs? 
If so, meat food is not a necessity, but if 
rather extensive poultry culture is followed, 
that is many fowls on rather limited range, 
then meat is a necessity for continued egg 
production throughout the year. Before I 
settled down to a steady feeding of meat 
daily the year around, I read the report of 
every experiment on that point by experi¬ 
ment stations that I heard of, and invari¬ 
ably those fowls fed meat did the best. I 
have failed yet to find that Alfalfa will do 
for meat. The past Whiter a mash with 
Alfalfa as part substitute was a failure. As 
to the difference in feeding of different 
breeds I cannot answer. I have handled 
other breeds than White Wyandotte but 
so many years ago that it does not count. 
My mash is one-quarter by weight beef 
scrap. william o. burr. 
Connecticut. 
Is it true that meat of some kind is ab¬ 
solutely necessary in order to get the best 
out of hens? Back to nature and the ques¬ 
tion is answered. Watch the angle worm 
with a chick tugging at either end and ’tis 
answered again. Assuredly we are of the 
opinion backed by a good deal of experience 
and observation that animal food in some 
form is necessary for best results. Bran, 
clover, Alfalfa and similar feeds have their 
place but cannot be made wholly to take the 
place of meat foods. Small Hocks on free 
range may be able to procure sufficient in 
the warm months but large flocks, yarded 
flocks, and in cold weather all birds must be 
supplied. As to the best kind that most 
available will be used. We would place 
green cut bone in first place, skim-milk curd 
second and beef scraps third. The results 
we have procured from the free use of curd 
'Dutch cheese) have been astounding. 
Ohio. F. N. ADAMS. 
In my experience with White Leghorns 
I have been unable to get much better re¬ 
sults feeding meat than when fed a variety 
of grains and green food. The present sea- 
sonT kept the hens confined in the buildings 
until early in April, and a few days after 
they were out of doors they doubled in their 
egg yield without change of feed excepting 
grass and possibly worms, but there were 
few insects or bugs out on account of cold 
weather. I had been feeding meat for a 
time before this without any change in egg 
yield. I have found skimmed milk to be 
as good or better, especially in hot weather 
when they will consume large quantities of 
It. I would not advise against feeding meat 
entirely but a small amount in the dry 
mash has given me as good results as when 
large, liberal feedings have been given. I 
gave this a good test some time ago when 
a carload of cows were killed on the railroad 
and 1 secured several carcasses and boiled 
them until the meat came from the bones. 
This beef was spread out and dried so that 
it would keep a long time in cold weather 
but I did not get any better results than 
when I fed meat in very small quantities. 
With me the result in feeding meat just 
about pays for it, for it is quite an expen- 
sixe food. c. h. zimmer. 
New York. 
It has been my experience that meat is 
necessary for the perfect development of 
both growing chicks and the maximum egg 
yield and perfect vigor of grown stock. I 
believe that no variety of poultry can be 
kept up to standard vigor, health and egg 
output, generation after generation, with¬ 
out meat in some form being a part of 
their food. It seems to me that this ques¬ 
tion is very similar to the one which has 
long existed as to whether it is necessary 
for human beings to partake of animal food 
in order to attain the highest development 
and health. Vegetarians believe that it is 
absolutely unnecessary to have any meat 
in the daily diet, but they (at least those 
with whom I have come in contact) seem 
to lack the vigor, snap and robust health 
that other human beings enjoy who do not 
confine themselves to a vegetable diet. The 
result is, in my opinion, the same with 
poultry. In the experiments that I have 
carried on for some years, I have found It 
impossible to get the weight and vigor 
desired without making a considerable pro¬ 
portion of the daily ration, animal food. 
New York. Sinclair smith. 
A DUCK DIALOGUE. 
The following questions were sent by 
one of our readers to Mr. Geo. E. Howell 
who recently discussed Indian River ducks. 
His answer follows: 
“A 3x5 pen has board floor. Is any 
litter necessary or advisable? I have tried 
it but it soon gets filthy and smells ter¬ 
ribly.” 
Pen should be covered with litter and 
cleaned out when soiled and unfit to use 
longer; pen is too small except for sleeping 
and laying room. 
“Is a wet mash of bran and beef scrap 
fed twice a day, with grass a correct 
method of feeding? What is your method 
and how much per bird?” 
Use wheat middlings and bran, equal 
parts, with small amount of scrap for 
morning feed, only green food at noon and 
grain at night, all they will eat up clean. 
“Would you advise letting ducks out on 
river to go where they please? I am fear¬ 
ful they would not return; there are plenty 
of woodland and farms on river bank, good 
feeding ground.” 
Try letting them run for a short time 
each day, driving them in ; then if they re¬ 
turn give them their liberty and cut down 
feed one-half. 
“I am keeping a Rouen drake in with the 
four Runners. Would the presence of this 
bird affect the egg production? I do not 
want to use the eggs for hatching.” 
No. 
“When is the best time to hatch ducks 
and how about feed for ducklings?” 
The months of May, .Tune and July, per¬ 
haps as early as April in your section; 
early development is no benefit except for 
market or table. Feed ducklings three times 
daily with mash. 
“Ducks seem to lay anywhere and every¬ 
where. Do you provide nests?” 
Ducks lay on the floor; do not let them 
out before 7 a. m. 
A TAX ON POULTRY. 
Here in Buffalo there are a set of men 
trying to get the city to pass a law to levy 
a tax of $1 per year on all persons keeping 
chickens within the city limits. This same 
law is to provide for inspectors to look 
after the way poultry is kept in back yards. 
The Utility Association is making a protest 
against it. Why levy the tax on the poultry 
man? It will take the bread from a good 
many mouths, and persons having a few 
chickens for their own nse would perhaps 
not have a fresh egg on their table the year 
round. We are quite sure that the enforce¬ 
ment of a law like this would be wrong, as 
there are a good many poor persons who have 
poultry in the city. They would have to 
give it up. It costs enough for feed, with¬ 
out having to pay .$1 a year taxes. I be¬ 
lieve it is a case of some one wanting to 
feather a nice nest and add another politi¬ 
cal plum to those already here. What is the 
matter with letting the health department 
of the city take care of the inspecting and 
let the tax alone? I send you this as per¬ 
haps some other places they are having 
some trouble in this line. Next the canar¬ 
ies, parrots, rabbits, cats, etc., will all come 
up for a tag if this is allowed to go through. 
Buffalo, N. Y. F. A. KUHN. 
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