1911. 
THIS RURAL, NEW-YORKER 
M I L K. 
The New York Exchange price is $1.61 
per 40-quart can, netting 3% cents per 
quart to shippers in 2G-cent zone who have 
no additional station charges. 
Dr. Mullowney of the Roston Health 
Commission has just returned from a dairy 
inspection trip through Northern New York 
and Western Massachusetts, and says con¬ 
ditions have improved in that section. This 
is the section from which much extra milk 
is drawn in case of a shoitage in Boston. 
Inspectors from this same commission have 
been lately working in Eastern Massachu¬ 
setts and find things in fair condition, ex¬ 
cepting places for storage of milk, as this 
is kept in various places, such as house 
cellars, milk rooms connected with or near 
to the cow stable, and in wells wnich have 
no cover over same, and very few have a 
proper milk house convenient to hut not 
connected with stable. The Health Com¬ 
mission now insists that such a place be 
constructed at once and will follow tin 
matter up to see that it is done. Prices re¬ 
main the same in most <ascs, although 
some few buyers are now paying as high as 
38 cents at farms or ne.T’bv deoot. 
Massachusetts. a e. p. 
Dairying has developed rapidly in New 
Zealand. Many of the large sheep runs 
have been cut up into dairy farms. The 
government assists both by instru.tion and 
also by advancing capital to creamery 
companies for buying land and buildings. 
Snell loans run 15 years in .30 payments at 
5 per cent, interest. Labor is scarce and 
milking machines are largely used. Consul 
IT. D. Raker reports one of a Scotch make 
which milks directly into the pail without 
the tubes, which bother in some machines. 
The hand separator seems to be almost un¬ 
known. 
English dairy farmers are also having 
their milk troubles. This sounds natural : 
“The public are quite prepared for a 
raise; in fact, in the maioritv of south 
coast towns they have got it, retail prices 
having been put up to 10 and 12 cents per 
quart, and it only requires that absolute 
unity among dairy farmers which it is so 
difficult to obtain, to force the dealers to 
pay for their commodity a fair price, or 
one more nearly approximating to the cost 
of production than is represented by exist¬ 
ing contracts.” 
Rut the trouble on both sides of the 
water is to get “that absolute unity.” 
A milk adulteration case in England had 
a strange ending. An inspector followed a 
milkman into a place where he delivered 
milk and ordered and paid for a pint. TTe 
presented three small bottles which the 
"dlkmnn filled. Analvses sliowe'd the milk 
b“low standard. In the trial the milkman 
claimed that the inspector failed to make 
his case because he could not prove that a 
full pint had been bought, as the law 
directs. The judge upheld this and dis¬ 
missed the ease. Then it was found that 
the sample left with the milkman was above 
the standard. It cost the milkman $20 to 
defend the case. 
Shall It Be Milk Or Butter ? 
Gould you tell which is the better for 
me to. do : make butter or take milk to the 
creamery? It will take me an hour and a 
half to go and come. They get Borden’s 
prices; do not get skim-milk back. T have 
been making butter from two cows; going 
to keep five this Winter. T have a sepa¬ 
rator. I live three miles from town, get 
from 20 to 40 cents a pound for my butter. 
If I put up a silo next year I could keep 
10 head. I go once a week with butter, 
vegetables, eggs and chickens. T like mak¬ 
ing biiTtor the best, for T can have the 
skim-milk to feed, and I don’t have to go 
in all kinds of weather with my milk. 
Connecticut. a a 
Co-operation Among: Milk Producers. 
, As the subject of milk is of interest to 
both producer and consumer, let us look 
back a few years to the time when Air 
Borden, through the kind assistance of Mr. 
Noah Grid ley, started his small milk fac¬ 
tory in Wassaic. an enterprise that has 
broadened out Into 60 flourishing plants, 
scattered through New York. Massachu¬ 
setts and Connecticut. There is an object 
lesson just here for the farmer to learn, as 
to which party has made the real profit out 
of the milk business, and where the hard- 
earned money of the farmers has gone; 
yes, where it is going still. When we con¬ 
sider that everything else in the market 
and all labor has risen steadily in price 
year by .Year, how shall we accoiint for the 
fact that milk, one of the most important 
foods, brings no more than it did years 
ago, while the cost of its production has 
steadily advanced and the rules and regu¬ 
lations for its care are becoming more and 
more rigid? If it costs more to transport 
end deliver milk to-day. so that the price 
to the consumer has been very materially 
advanced, and it also is demonstrated that 
it costs more to produce and keep pure and 
dean this same milk, there must be some 
underlying cause for the great inequality 
m price between what the farmer receives 
and the consumer pays. The 60 factories 
of the Borden people alone show where the 
profit in the business has been invested, 
and then comes the question, how did this 
state of affairs come about? Discuss the 
subject with the business men, including 
farmers, and they will tell you “no doubt 
the farmers are poorly paid for their 
nroduct, but the milk companies are so 
powerful and so well organized the farm¬ 
ers have no chance.” Powerful and well 
organized sounds the keynote. But let us 
ask. why are not the farmers, of to-day 
powerful and well organized? They are 
great in numbers, they produce one of the 
necessities of life, but thov are like a flock 
of sheep without a leader or shepherd, 
never loyal to each other, ready to take 
fright and let go at the first sign of 
alarm. This, it will be noted, is not at all 
the policy or practice of the middlemen. 
Not long ago a few brave, energetic men did 
get together, go over the situation care¬ 
fully and with much labor form an order 
now known as * the Dairymen’s League. 
With loyalty to their convictions and de¬ 
termination to do something, anything, 
rather than endure the crushing process 
any longer, they have succeeded in bringing 
quite a number of the more enlightened 
and progressive farmers to see as they did 
and start a campaign for co-operation. 
Slowly but steadily they are adding to 
their number and marching on, I believe, 
to success. When the farmers realize that 
there never will be any smooth, easy, mid¬ 
dle road—that they must all come to¬ 
gether and as one man work out their own 
problem, the battle will be half won. The 
Dairymen's League is well under way; why 
not test its ability to do what it promises 
to do? Tlie old saying is “Nothing venture, 
nothing liaye.” It cannot be worse than 
the present system. 
Co-operation then, with the success of 
the milk companies as an example ever 
before them, is the only method by which 
the farmers can rise to their rightful place 
in the business world. Once banded to¬ 
gether in an organization like the Dairy¬ 
men's League, farmers would find they 
were a power that would surprise even 
themselves. m. b. h. 
Possible Dairy Profits. 
The New York Agricultural Department 
has issued a circular which purports to 
answer the question “Does Dairying Pay?” 
The conditions upon which the problem is 
worked out are stated as follows : 
“In determining costs, grain feeds are 
charged at market prices April, 1911; 
roughage, at approximate cost of produc¬ 
tion. An allowance of one pound of grain 
is made for every three pounds of milk, ex¬ 
cept during the season of good pasturage. 
Three pounds of grain per day in addition 
to silage and hay are allowed to maintain a 
dry cow. On an average of 50 cows, 42 
should be in milk, and eight dry. De¬ 
preciation is calculated on the assumption 
of a cow costing $65 by purchase or rais¬ 
ing, being serviceable six years and bring¬ 
ing $30 for beef when disposed of. It is 
estimated that three man at $1.50 per day 
and house rent will care for 50 cows. 
The profits of milk production depend 
largely on two factors: the productivity of 
the cows and the price received for milk. 
In determining the returns, it is assumed 
that this dairy of 50 cows may be selected 
from one of five classes of cows, namely, 
those producing 12 pounds, 18 pounds, 24 
pounds. 30 pounds and 30 pounds of milk 
per day, respectively: and that the milk 
may be sold at $1. $1.25, $1.50. $1.75 and 
$2 per hundredweight at the door. Forty 
calves should be expected during the year, 
worth $1.50 each when dropped. Manure is 
credited at the rafe of one and one-half 
tons per day from 50 cows.- worth $1.50 
per ton. It seems reasonable to assume 
that three laborers will have sufficient time 
to grow crops enough on the average farm, 
which supports a dairy of 50 cows, to pay 
interest on the investment, taxes, insurance 
and other charges.” 
The daily allowance of roughage for a 
cow is given as 35 pounds of corn silage 
and 12 pounds of mixed hay. The silage is 
valued at $2.50 per ton and the hay at 
$10. The grain is a mixture of equal parts 
cornnTeal. dried distillers’ grain and gluten. 
Thus a cow giving 12 pounds of milk will 
get four pounds of this mixture, while the 
36-pound cow gets 12 pounds. The daily 
cost of feed for 42 fresh cows is thus fig¬ 
ured : 
Giving 12 lbs. of milk each per day.. $6.44 
Giving 18 lbs. of milk each per day.. 7.48 
Giving 24 lbs. of milk effch per day.. 8.53 
Giving 20 lbs. of milk each per day.. 9.57 
Giving 36 Ins. of milk each per day.. 10.61 
The daily feed for eight dry cows is given 
at $1.31. 
A “Daily Balance Sheet” has been figured 
out for the different kinds of cows. These 
figures are supposed to show what it costs 
to feed and care for the herd of 50 cows for 
one day: 
12-lb. 18-lb. 24-lb. 30-lb. 36-lb. 
Cow Cow Cow Cow Cow 
Feed of— Dairy. Dairy. Dairv. Dairv. Dairv. 
Milch cows $6.44 $7.48 $8.53 $9.57 $10.61 
Dry cows. 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.31 1.31 
Labor - 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.50 
Deprecia’n .79 .79 .79 .79 .79 
Total.. .$13.04 $14.08 $15.13 $16.17 $17.21 
In figuring returns from this dairy the 
value of the milk is taken and to that added 
$2.25 for the manure and 16 cents for 
calves. For instance, when milk is worth 
$1 per hundred the 12-pound dairy would 
give $5.04 worth of milk each day. To this 
is added the supposed value of the manure 
and calves and we have $7.45. You see it 
cost $13.04 to feed and care for these cows. 
The whole thing is summed up as follows: 
Milk Selling at. Per Cwt. 
Cow Dairy— $1. $1.25. $1.50. $1.75. $2. 
12-lb. 
-$5.59 
-$4.33 
$3.07 
$1.81 
-$0.55 
18-lb. 
-4.11 
.9 99 
- .33 
1.50 
3.45 
24-lb. 
-2.64 
- .12 
2.40 
4.92 
7.44 
30-lb. 
-1.16 
1.99 
5.14 
8.29 
11.44 
36-lb. 
.32 
4.10 
7.88 
11.66 
15.44 
The losses are indicated ( - ). 
Now. suppose we take the 18-pound dairy, i 
which is close to what many dairymen are i 
keeping. Tt cost $14.08 to feed and care 
for the cows one day. Now, there are not 
many dairymen who can average $1.50 per 
hundred or three cents a quart. If a 
man owning an 18-pound dairy did, so he 
would get $11.34 for his milk, while it 
cost _ him $8.79 to feed. He must charge 
nothing for his lahor or take his pay in 
“manure and calves.” and even at this be is 
33 cents behind on the day’s work. As we 
figure it, it cost 3.7 cents to produce a 
quart of this 18-pound milk. 
LATE FILLING THE SILO. 
Here in the Willamette Valley silage corn 
never gets ripe enough to be at its best, so 
that we usually leave it until the first frost, 
the latter part of September or the first of 
October. We aim to have everything ready 
when the first frost comes, so that we can 1 
put men to cutting down the corn the next 
day. We use hand corn knives, and each 
man cuts two rows at a time, which are 
thrown together In piles, with the tops all 
one way, and as he comes back on the next 
two rows he finishes out the piles, making 
a row of piles for every four rows of corn. 
Tf a right- and left-handed man are cut¬ 
ting together it will come right for them 
to cut the four rows and pile the corn be¬ 
tween them. It is also quicker and handier, 
because if a man cuts two rows up and 
two back the piles are the wrong way when 
he cuts back on the other side of them, and 
causes him to turn all the corn over to 
place on the piles, and if he leaves them 
until he gets back to the other end it 
makes the work wrong-handed for him. 
The next row of piles is placed with the 
tops the other way, so that when the 
hauler drives between the two rows of piles 
the butts come the same way on each side 
of the wagon. At little practical experience 
will show the time and energy saved in 
noting these things. 
We usually have three teams and one 
extra man in the field to help load. Good 
wide hay racks on low-down wagons will 
take two tiers, with the tops together in 
the center. One six-horse steam engine 
furnishes the power for cutting. The en¬ 
gineer and feeder usually change jobs about 
every hour as it makes lighter' work all 
around. The only thing the feeder has to 
do is to feed regularly. Do not let a large 
bunch of ears go in at once, and if pos¬ 
sible keep something going in all the 
time If you should let the cutter run 
empty it is a waste of time to trv to 
make up lost time by filling her full all at 
once It will slow down, no matter how 
much power you have or how well vour 
governor works; and perhaps “plug” vour 
blower pipe. Keep lapping a few stalks at 
a time, so that the machine gets a steadv 
sDearn, and you will do the work easier 
and more of it. Then it is a good idea 
to keep your hands out of the rollers One 
man we had feeding started to feel of the 
main boxing to see if it was getting warm, 
but one of the knives trimmed his finger 
nails half their thickness, and he made a 
safe man to feed after that. 
Heretofore the engineer has kept the 
boards in the silo, spread and tramped the 
silage I he blower pipe is placed so that 
the cut corn falls in the center of the silo, 
and the only place we tramp is around the 
outside, and our silage keeps in good shape. 
This year we are thinking of putting a man 
in the silo and have him scatter the silage 
by means of a sack spout; sacks with the 
bottoms cut open and sewn together, with 
one end fastened to the end of the blower 
pipe, and the other end carried about the 
silo as the man tramps. Our silos are 
two by four pieces stood on end and 
pinned together. These are held in place 
by wire bands and ratches. The doors are 
simply two thicknesses of foot boards with 
the .mints broken. These are taken out 
one at a time, as the silage is fed. 
Some people complain of putting in corn 
when it rains, and it is a nastv job. hut 
with us it makes better silage. We haven’t 
got the water around the buildings we 
hope to have: at present we haul water in 
naiTPls from flip prppk for tho engine, but 
if we did have I am sure we would run 
some in the cutter all the time. After the 
silo is filled we put on a foot or so of cut 
straw, and wet down. Rome people then 
sow oats on the straw, but we never suc¬ 
ceed in getting much of it to sprout, per¬ 
haps because the water being hard to get 
we never used enough of it. Sprouted or 
no sprouted oats, the good silage usually 
appeared after the last forkful of straw 
was thrown off. and the cows go out in 
the yard and eat the straw. I like to see 
the corn juice run out of the cracks when 
filling, and until it swells airtight. 
Thousand-headed kale here beats silage 
for milk, but it is nice to have silage to 
fall back on in nasty weather or with three 
or four inches of snow, so we feed kale 
once a day and silage once when the 
weather lets us get the kale. Of course, 
In the Winter if one has enough room he 
can haul in enough kale at a time to feed 
a week, as it will keep in good shape that 
long. This isn't the way most of those 
who write tell us to fill the silo, and 
neither is the way we grow our corn the 
way they tell us to do it. but this is the 
way we do it. and the way we grow our 
corn Is the most profitable we have found, 
if we do not plow our corn ground until 
the first of June. chas. ii. hays. 
Oregon. 
“Crooked weights and measures ha' 
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“What makes you so positive of t! 
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